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== Mythology / Religion ==
== Mythology / Religion ==
In the Marerepuh Ceremony or a village cleansing ceremony, Tenggala is used as one of the tools in a procession around the village and coastline. The goal is to cleanse nature physically and spiritually, creating harmony between humans, nature, and God (Tri Hita Karana). Tenggala is accompanied by a tulud (a wooden stick), gawu (a wooden broom), and other tools, then sprinkled with tirta (holy water) to cleanse the entire area.
In a special case, someone performing self-purification in the form of bayuh oton (a ritual performed on a tenggala). This depends on the person's birth date.


=== Image Variants ===
=== Image Variants ===

Latest revision as of 10:15, 5 February 2026

Authors: Youla Azkarrula, Susanne M Hoffmann

Lintang Tenggala in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
Lintang Huluku in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)

Těnggala is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of těnggala is found in intersection of Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) and Wage (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang těnggala means a plough constellation.[1]

Etymology and History

Těnggala (IPA: /təŋˈɡa.la/) is derived from Sanskrit लाङ्गल (lāṅgala), means a device pulled through the ground in order to break it open into furrows for planting (plough).

Spelling Variants

  • uluku
  • huluku
  • wuluku
  • waluku

Origin of Constellation

All the spelling variants of this constellations has one meaning, plow and plough. Bali is one of island in Indonesia that has huge area of agricultural. The tools used are very diverse and have different functions. These tools are tenggala, tetekan, singkal, penguruk, uga, and lampit.

Tenggala is also called luku. Meanwhile, lampit is called garu. The function of the tenggala is to turn the soil over so that it becomes loose. This tool consists of a singkal (a sharp piece of iron for cutting, turning and breaking up the soil and burying plant remains), tetekan (the body of the tenggala), penguruk (handle of the tenggala), and uga (or an assembly which is made of wood which is attached to the cow's neck and tied to the end of the body of the tenggala). Meanwhile, Lampit's function is to level the ground after it has been loosened using a tenggala.

General information

Balinese constellation: Tenggala (a plough), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)
Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix).

The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)[1] who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice

"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden."

English: "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."

He also quotes other scholars[2][3][4][5] and his earlier work[6][7] reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.[1] Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

Identification

The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).[1]

Huluku in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "der Orion" which means "the Orion".

He also give further explanation with a specific detail (p. 148-149)[1]

"So ist bei dem Pflug Orions Gürtel.....das Pflugeisen mit dem Pflug-holz der rote Betelgeuze ist eine Fusswunde des Bauers, Bellatrix ist sein Auge. Der weisse Rigel und der andere Punkt des Aussenvierecks sind die beiden Zugtiere."

English: "Thus, in the case of the plough Orion's belt, ...... the plough iron with the plug; the red Betelgeuse is a foot wound of the farmer, Bellatrix is his eye. The white Rigel and the other point of the outer square are the both draught animals."

Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation

Mythology / Religion

In the Marerepuh Ceremony or a village cleansing ceremony, Tenggala is used as one of the tools in a procession around the village and coastline. The goal is to cleanse nature physically and spiritually, creating harmony between humans, nature, and God (Tri Hita Karana). Tenggala is accompanied by a tulud (a wooden stick), gawu (a wooden broom), and other tools, then sprinkled with tirta (holy water) to cleanse the entire area.

In a special case, someone performing self-purification in the form of bayuh oton (a ritual performed on a tenggala). This depends on the person's birth date.

Image Variants

  • Lintang Huluku (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
    Lintang Huluku (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
  • Lintang Tenggala in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
    Lintang Tenggala in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
  • Lintang Tenggala in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
    Lintang Tenggala in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
  • Lintang Wuluku (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
    Lintang Wuluku (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)

Cultural Beliefs

Numerology (Neptu/Urip)

Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) has a value of 5 and Wage (in pancawara) has a value of 4. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 9.[8]

Astrological Characteristics

When they were little they were miserable and happy in their old age, all their efforts and work found goodness, they could become rich, they were clever in hiding their feelings, generous but often trapped in the desire to be selfish and hard-hearted. They were the birth of Sang Wasi Bhaya (little ones embraced by danger).[8]

Matching Gemstones

Kecubung (amethyst), cempaka (yellow sapphire), ijo rangreng (peros).[8]

All HIP Stars within this constellation

Stars within the Constellation Area

id Label IAU design. description Vmag
1 Rigel HIP 24436 within constellation lines 0.13
2 Betelgeuse HIP 27989 within constellation lines 0.42
3 Bellatrix HIP 25336 within constellation lines 1.64
4 Alnilam HIP 26311 within constellation lines 1.69
5 ζ Orionis HIP 26727 within constellation lines 1.77
6 Alnitak HIP 26727 Inside the Hull 1.9
7 Saiph HIP 27366 within constellation lines 2.06
8 Mintaka HIP 25930 within constellation lines 2.41
9 NGC 1980 NGC 1980 Inside the Hull 2.5
10 Hatysa HIP 26241 Inside the Hull 2.77
11 η Orionis HIP 25281 Inside the Hull 3.35
12 τ Orionis HIP 24674 Inside the Hull 3.59
13 * eta Ori A HIP 25281 Inside the Hull 3.59
14 * zet Ori B HIP 26727 Inside the Hull 3.73
15 σ Orionis HIP 26549 Inside the Hull 3.79
16 29 Ori HIP 25247 Inside the Hull 4.12
17 32 Ori HIP 25813 Inside the Hull 4.2
18 NGC 1981 NGC 1981 Inside the Hull 4.2
19 * 32 Ori A HIP 25813 Inside the Hull 4.46
20 42 Ori HIP 26237 Inside the Hull 4.59
21 ω Orionis HIP 26594 Inside the Hull 4.59
22 ψ 2 Orionis HIP 25473 Inside the Hull 4.611
23 υ Orionis HIP 25923 Inside the Hull 4.63
24 31 Ori HIP 25737 Inside the Hull 4.71
25 - HIP 26199 Inside the Hull 4.72
26 22 Ori HIP 25044 Inside the Hull 4.74
27 56 Ori HIP 27750 Inside the Hull 4.75
28 49 Ori HIP 26563 Inside the Hull 4.8
29 * eta Ori B HIP 25281 Inside the Hull 4.89
30 51 Ori HIP 26885 Inside the Hull 4.9
31 - HIP 26736 Inside the Hull 4.95
32 ψ 1 Orionis HIP 25302 Inside the Hull 4.96
33 27 Ori HIP 25282 Inside the Hull 5.072
34 θ 1 Orionis C HIP 26221 Inside the Hull 5.13
35 45 Ori HIP 26268 Inside the Hull 5.234
36 38 Ori HIP 26126 Inside the Hull 5.326
37 - HIP 25980 Inside the Hull 5.34
38 VV Ori HIP 26063 Inside the Hull 5.34
39 33 Ori HIP 25861 Inside the Hull 5.46
40 - HIP 26197 Inside the Hull 5.53
41 - HIP 25028 Inside the Hull 5.68
42 - HIP 25223 Inside the Hull 5.7
43 * n01 Ori A HIP 25861 Inside the Hull 5.74
44 - HIP 25751 Inside the Hull 5.745
45 - HIP 26345 Inside the Hull 5.75
46 * 32 Ori B HIP 25813 Inside the Hull 5.76
47 - HIP 25708 Inside the Hull 5.78
48 - HIP 26108 Inside the Hull 5.895
49 - HIP 26762 Inside the Hull 5.912
50 - HIP 27253 Inside the Hull 5.93
51 - HIP 27560 Inside the Hull 5.936
52 * 52 Ori A HIP 27386 Inside the Hull 5.95
53 - HIP 26535 Inside the Hull 5.96
54 - HIP 26926 Inside the Hull 5.965
55 - HIP 27435 Inside the Hull 5.97
56 - HIP 26624 Inside the Hull 5.974
57 - HIP 27588 Inside the Hull 5.976
58 * 52 Ori B HIP 27386 Inside the Hull 6.01
59 - HIP 26427 Inside the Hull 6.024
60 - HIP 27118 Inside the Hull 6.089
61 - HIP 25378 Inside the Hull 6.144
62 - HIP 25187 Inside the Hull 6.15
63 - HIP 25976 Inside the Hull 6.16
64 - HIP 26477 Inside the Hull 6.18
65 CK Ori HIP 25785 Inside the Hull 6.202
66 - HIP 25869 Inside the Hull 6.208
67 - HIP 26106 Inside the Hull 6.22
68 - HIP 26713 Inside the Hull 6.22
69 - HIP 25401 Inside the Hull 6.233
70 - HIP 26149 Inside the Hull 6.251
71 - HIP 25288 Inside the Hull 6.297
72 - HIP 27212 Inside the Hull 6.31
73 V1197 Ori HIP 26953 Inside the Hull 6.311
74 - HIP 25786 Inside the Hull 6.313
75 - HIP 24847 Inside the Hull 6.35
76 - HIP 25505 Inside the Hull 6.35
77 - HR 1891 Inside the Hull 6.35
78 - HIP 25582 Inside the Hull 6.38
79 - HIP 25667 Inside the Hull 6.38
80 * tet02 Ori B HIP 26235 Inside the Hull 6.38
81 - HIP 26257 Inside the Hull 6.38
82 θ 2 Orionis HIP 26235 Inside the Hull 6.39
83 V1377 Ori HIP 26263 Inside the Hull 6.41
84 - HIP 24925 Inside the Hull 6.42
85 - HIP 25368 Inside the Hull 6.42
86 - HIP 26104 Inside the Hull 6.45
87 - HR 1898 Inside the Hull 6.45
88 - HIP 26020 Inside the Hull 6.46
89 * sig Ori E HR 1932 Inside the Hull 6.46
90 - HIP 25732 Inside the Hull 6.5
91 - HIP 26234 Inside the Hull 6.5

IAU Working Group on Star Names

In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Tenggala" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star sig Ori or HIP 26549 is in the plough inside the constellation which was selected because this is the identity of Tenggala. In Bali, Tenggala or the plough is vital to turn the soil over. Constellation Tenggala is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.
  2. ↑ Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13
  3. ↑ HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"
  4. ↑ PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV
  5. ↑ Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)
  6. ↑ MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1
  7. ↑ MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.
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