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==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
= ''mullaḫru, mulimmertu'' "sheep." [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 232; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>].
= ''mullaḫru, mulimmertu'' "sheep." [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 232; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>]. where in BPO 2???, check Gossman ???


= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. <sup>mul</sup>U<sub>8</sub> (EN 18r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. <sup>mul</sup>U<sub>8</sub> (EN 18r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Revision as of 09:31, 12 March 2026

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, Gennady E. Kurtik, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Susanne M Hoffmann, Wayne Horowitz, Youla Azkarrula, Jan Safford, Euin Choung Kim

mulU8 (𒀯𒇇) = immertu, 'the Ewe (female sheep)' is an asterism in the vicinity of 'the Wagon' (in Ursa Major). A syllabic Akkadian writing im-mer-tu4 indicates that this is the Akkadian name of the constellation rather than the previously assumed lahru. The fact that the asterism is seen as a ewe rather than a male sheep is part of the background of its identification with the goddess Aya, and so explains its identify with this same goddess among 'the 6 palace-women' in KAR 142 .

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

= mullaḫru, mulimmertu "sheep." [Gössmann[2] 232; BPO 2[3]]. where in BPO 2???, check Gossman ???

= laḫru “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).[4]

Sources and Identification(s)

[WE NEED TO CHECK THE READING IN URANOLOGY GROUP FOR BY COLLATING THE ORIGINAL IN URANOLOGY BOOK PHOTO AND LOOKING AT BEAULIEU'S COPY TO KAR 142 - THE COPY READ MUL U8 dA-A but check POMGRATZ-LEISTEN

Sources Identifications
MUL.APIN.
  • List of the stars of Enlil (no. 17): M
    • UL ša2 ina SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-zu mulU8 dA-a
    • "The asterism that stands at the front of the Wagon, the Sheep of Ay" (I i 18) [MA[5], 23].
The Uranology Group

MLC 1866 col. iii 20-21 (Text D)

  • MUL ša2 ina SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA [GUB-zu] / mulim-mer-tu4 [...] "The asterism that [stands] in front of the Wagon . . [ . . . ]/ 'The Ewe,' Aya? (Aya
  • Sheep [...]" (col. iii 20-21) [Beaulieu et al. 2018[6], 37, 41, with commentary 55-56], see also (Kurtik m08) mul (giš)MAR.GID2.DA, eriqqu.
List of "6 palace women".
  • mulU8 dA-a "Sheep of Ay," see (Kurtik a02) A.EDIN.
Convex Hull for the stars inside U8 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).

Stars within the Constellation Area

id Label IAU design. description Vmag
1 24 UMa HIP 46977 Constellation lines 4.57
2 ρ Ursae Majoris HIP 44390 Constellation lines (Vertex) 4.76
3 σ 2 Ursae Majoris HIP 45038 Constellation lines (Vertex) 4.8
4 * sig02 UMa A HIP 45038 Constellation lines (Vertex) 4.813
5 ET UMa HIP 50933 Constellation lines (Vertex) 4.93
6 - HIP 52425 Constellation lines (Vertex) 4.992
7 - HIP 52353 Constellation lines (Vertex) 5.12
8 27 UMa HIP 47654 Constellation lines (Vertex) 5.142
9 - HIP 47594 Inside the Hull 5.717
10 - HIP 52338 Inside the Hull 5.729
11 EN UMa HIP 50685 Inside the Hull 5.9
12 - HIP 47401 Inside the Hull 5.947
13 35 UMa HIP 51401 Inside the Hull 6.309

Additional

Deity.

         Akkadian goddess Ay (Sum. dŠe3.ri.da, dŠe3.ri5.da), regarded as the "bride" (kallātum) or wife (ḫīrtum) of Shamash, the sun-god. She was honored along with Shamash at Sippar and Larsa. Her astral character as "goddess of light" or "sky goddess" is emphasized in the AN:dAnum series (III 126-134) and AN:Anu ša amēli (46) [Litke 1998[7], 131-132, 231; Tallqvist 1938[8], 245; Roberts 1972[9], 14b 68], see also (Kurtik n38) dNIN.MUL.SI4.A. Ay's sheep is mentioned as an independent deity in one of the lists of gods associated with the AN:dAnum series: d la-ḫarU8 = ŠU [CT[10] 25, 20:4], no explicit reference to Ay, however.

Symbol.

         If the assumption that we are dealing with a constellation is correct, its figure was undoubtedly the image of a sheep.

Previous Identification.

         = η Ursae Majoris (?) [Gössmann[11] 232; Weidner 1957-59[12], 81a].

         = northeastern part of the Herdsman (Bootes) (?) [MA[13], 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999[14], 272].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, u03) Gössmann (1950)
= mullaḫru, mulimmertu «Овца» [Gössmann 1950, 232; BPO 2]; звезда или группа звезд в северо-восточной части Волопаса (Bootes) (?).

I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 17): MUL ša2 ina SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-zu mulU8 dA-a «Звезда, которая стоит на передке Повозки, Овца Айи» (I i 18) [MA, 23]. MLC 1866. MUL ša2 ina SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA [GUB-zu] / mulim-mer-tu4 […] «Звезда, которая на передке Повозки [стоит] / Овца […]» (col. iii 20–21) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 37, 41], см. также m08MAR.GID2.DA. Список «6 дворцовых женщин». mulU8 dA-a «Овца Айи», см. a02A.EDIN.

II. Божество.

Аккадская богиня Айа (шум. dŠe3.ri.da, dŠe3.ri5.da), считалась «невестой» (kallātum) или женой (ḫīrtum) Шамаша, бога Солнца. Почиталась вместе с Шамашем в Сиппаре и Ларсе. Ее астральный характер «богини света» или «небесной богини» подчеркивается в серии AN:dAnum (III 126–134) и AN:Anu ša amēli (46) [Litke 1998, 131–132, 231; Tallqvist 1938, 245; Roberts 1972, 14б 68], см. также n38dNIN.MUL.SI4.A. Овца Айи упоминается как самостоятельное божество в одном из списков богов, связанных с серией AN:dAnum: d la-ḫarU8 = ŠU [CT 25, 20:4], явная ссылка на Айю, впрочем, отсутствует.

III. Символ.

Если верно предположение о том, что мы имеем дело с созвездием, то его фигурой, несомненно, было изображение овцы.

III. Отождествление.

= η Ursae Majoris (?) [Gössmann 1950, 232; Weidner 1957–59, 81a].

= северо-восточная часть Волопаса (Bootes) (?) [MA, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272].

Example

References

  1. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  2. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  3. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  4. ↑ Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579
  5. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  6. ↑ Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
  7. ↑ Litke R.L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).
  8. ↑ Tallqvist  K. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.
  9. ↑ Roberts J.J.M. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.
  10. ↑ Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
  11. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  12. ↑ Weidner E. mul gir2.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
  13. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  14. ↑ Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
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