View source for UD.KA.DU8.A

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A (𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀)}}
{{distinguish|Udkadua}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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[[File:Layard plate5 ukadua nimrud.PNG|alt=drawing of a Nimrud relief by Layard (1853)|thumb|UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A Henry Austin Layard's drawing of the storm demon between two male gods (the god of war and the weather god) in Nimrud, published in Layard (1853). [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/permanent/library/3ADD60G8/pageimg&start=11&pn=19&mode=imagepath Digital Source (MPIWG Berlin)]. ]]
<sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A. (Akkadian reading uncertain), loanword from Sumerian ''kaduhhu'' at Boghazkoi.     

A Mesopotamian constellation in the region of [[Cygnus]] and [[Cepheus]]. The Sumerian term UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A (𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀) is a compound which is translated into Akkadian  literally meaning "the demon with the gaping mouth" which is translated into Akkadian as ''u<sub>4</sub>-mu na-ᵓ-ri'', 'raging storm,' in the star-list VR 46 1: 41 (and dupl.).  In lists of animals, UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A is equated with the Akkadian ''nimru'', "panther", suggesting that the asterism is a panther-demon, perhaps a panther griffin. However, there is no attested ancient equation between the star-name <sup>mul</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A and ''nimru''.  The Boghazkoi (Hittite) Prayer to the Gods of the Night gives a syllabic writing for a loan-word from the Sumerian: ''kaduḫḫû''.  This, and the absence of an attested Akkadian star-name, suggests that this asterism was either not part of any native Akkadian or Indo-European name repertoire of constellations that was known or remembered in Ancient Mesopotamia.      

A relief sequence in Nimrud shows the depiction of a panther-griffin with a gaping mouth in the middle between the weather god and the god of war. Both, weather and war, can be associated with storm in the way of thunderstorm and "to be up in arms", respectively.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading: 

* <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A, 
* <sup>mul</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A, 
* PIRIG<sub>2</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A; 
* = <sup>mul</sup>''kaduḫḫû'', 
* <sup>(mul)</sup>[[nimru|''nimru'']], 
Constellation in [[Cygnus]], The Swan and parts of [[Cepheus]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 144; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K, 35, N/2, 234-235; LAS 2<ref name=":2">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>, 93; MA<ref name=":3">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 126; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":4">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 76].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023):<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>The sumerogram means “day/storm demon (U<sub>4</sub>) with open (DU<sub>8</sub>.A) mouth (KA)”. The Akk. reading ''nimru'' “panther” (normal logogram PIRIG.TUR) is uncertain, cf. CAD N/2, 235 s.v. ''nimru'' 2. Note, however, the equation <sup>mul</sup>KA. AN.DU<sub>8</sub> = ''pa-ti-rù'' between <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM = ''bi-i-bu'' and <sup>mul</sup>MAR.TU = ''a''-˹''mu''˺-''ru'' in a MB forerunner to Hh from Emar (Msk 74155 rev. iii’ 27’, see Arnaud 1985<ref>Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).</ref>, VI.1, 288, and Gantzert 2011<ref>Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki></ref>, I 211, II 127). Gantzert transliterates <sup>mul</sup>QÀ.AN.DU<sub>8</sub> and considers this as a variant spelling for GI.DU<sub>8</sub> = ''paṭīru'' “altar” (AHw<ref name=":5">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>: “Tragaltärchen”), which would be based on GI = ''qanû'' “reed”. Alternatively, ''pati-rù'' could represent a hitherto unattested Akkadian word corresponding to Greek πάνθηρ “panther” (which is considered to be a loanword from an ancient Near Eastern language, cf. also Sanskrit ''puṇḍarīka'' “tiger”). <sup>mul</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A (EN 27l).</blockquote>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.''' 
* ''Nabnītu'' Series XXII, 265: 
** U[D].KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.˹A˺ = ''nim-ru'' "Dem[on] with the Open Mouth = Panther," quoted in [LAS 2<ref name=":2" />, 93], see also [CT<ref name=":6">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 12, 48 iv 14].
|'''''panther griffin?'''''
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.''' 
* <sup>mul</sup>''Ka<sub>4</sub>-ad-du-uḫ-ḫa'' [KUB IV<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref>, 47 r. 46; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 2:15; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 130:46; Soden 1987<ref>''Soden W. von.'' // AfO. 1987. Bd. 34. S. 71.</ref>, 71].  
|
|-
|'''EAE.''' 
* See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 11, XIII 5, XIV 4; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 289; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:8, 10], and also [Biggs 1987<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B" / Fs. Reiner. P. 1-14.</ref>, 10 r. 30].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).''' 
* Astrolabe P. Month of Kislim, stars of Anu, 60 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].
* Astrolabe B. 
** (1) List (12´3):
*** ''mul ša igi-šu gub kap-pi u rit-te gar-nu / <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>d</sup>Nergal(u.gur)'' 
*** "The constellation which stands before it (i.e. Libra), possessing wings and arms, (is) the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (B ii 12-13); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":7">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 4].
** (2) List (3´12): 
*** [<sup>iti</sup>gan] ... <sup>mul</sup>''ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a šu-ut <sup>d</sup>A-nim'' 
*** "[Kislim]: ... The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (rising) (in the path of) Anu " (C ii 9).
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising — kislim, setting — simanu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 18, 29; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":8">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, 40].
* BM 82923. 
** Kislimu, stars of Anu: <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A // 1 // <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' 
** "Demon with the Gaping Mouth // 60 // Mars" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:26].
* BM 34713. 
** Month of tebet, stars of Anu [LBAT<ref name=":9">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:10], see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]].
* "Round astrolabes." Sm. 162. 
** <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.[du<sub>8</sub>.a] // 1
** "(Stars of Anu, month of Kislim), Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 60" [CT<ref name=":6" /> 33, 11].
* Text Nv. 10. 
** Intercalation scheme: <sup>mul</sup>u<sub>4</sub>.˹ka.duḫ.ḫa˺ like the constellation of Ea — asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of adar, see (Kurtik L04) Lammu.
** Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 8): <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.<du<sub>8</sub>>.a [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|[[File:UD.KA.DU.A.png|alt=UD.KA.DU.A painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)|thumb|UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)]]
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars".''' 
* Anu 4. 
** [MUL ša<sub>2</sub>] ˹''ana'' IGI''-it''˺ (<x x x>) GUB-''zu a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-nu <sup>múl</sup>UD.KA.D[UḪ.A <sup>d</sup>U.GUR] 
** "[The star that] stands opposite it (i.e., . Scorpius), wearing a crown (on its head), equipped with wings and arms, (it is) the 'Demon with the Op[en] Mouth', [Nergal]" (A. 18, B. 19) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, <ref name=":7" />178].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.''' 
* (1) Stars of Enlil (no. 27): <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A <sup>d</sup>U.GUR "Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (I i 27).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 
** ina <sup>iti</sup>GAN UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A <sup>mul</sup>TI<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>''Pa-bil-sag'' IGI<sup>meš</sup> 
** "On the 15th day of Kislim, the Panther, the Eagle and Pabilsag become visible" (I iii 5-6) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 50].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrisings and sunsets: 
** a) (I iii 20), see (Kurtik n50) NUN<sup>ki</sup>,
** b) (I iii 29), see (Kurtik a04) [[TE8.mušen|A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup>]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal sunrisings: 
** TA KUR ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> 30 UD<sup>meš</sup> ''ana'' KUR ''ša<sub>2</sub>'' <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A / TA KUR ''ša<sub>2</sub>'' <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A 30 UD<sup>meš</sup> ''ana'' KUR ''ša<sub>2</sub>'' <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ
** "30 days from the rising of the Goat to the rising of the Panther. 30 days from the rising of the Panther to the rising of the Swallow" (I iii 39-40) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":3" />, 59]
* (5) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: 
** (a) 
*** BE-''ma zi-iq-pa a-na a-ma-ri-ka ina'' <sup>iti</sup>BAR<sub>2</sub> UD 20 KAM / ''ina šer<sub>3</sub>-ti la-am'' <sup>d</sup>UTU KUR''-ḫa'' GUB-''ma'' ZAG''-ka'' imMAR.TU / GUB3-ka imKUR.RA ni-iš IGI-ka <sup>im</sup>U<sub>18</sub>.LU / ''ku-ma-ru ša<sub>2</sub>'' <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e / ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub> KUR''-ḫa'' 
*** "If you wish to observe the ziqpu-(stars) in the 20th day of nisan, you should stand in the morning before sunrise, place the west on your right, the east on your left, with your face facing south; (at that time) the shoulder of the Demon with the open Mouth will stand in the middle of the sky opposite your chest and the Staff will rise" (I iv 10-14),
** (b) on the 1st day of Ayar, the chest of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth culminates, the Star Cluster rise, cf. (Kurtik m35) MUL.MUL,
** (c) on the 20th day of ayar, the knee of the Demon with the Split Mouth culminates, the Bull's Jaw rises, see (Kurtik i15) ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'',
** (d) 
*** ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>SIG<sub>4</sub> UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du ša<sub>2</sub>'' <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN''-e'' / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR''-ḫa'' 
*** "On the 10th day of siman, the heel of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Faithful Shepherd of Anu rises" (I iv 19-20), (for a parallel see BM 77054:1′-4′ [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>]),
** (e) Shupa culminates, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth rises (I iv 27), see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]] [MA<ref name=":3" />, 26, 44-45, 49, 51, 54, 59-63, 66].
|[[File:UD.KA.DU.A stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A in Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021), left is Cassiopeia, below Andromeda, above Vega, right Altair]]
|-
|'''Text BM 77054.''' 
* See (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."''' 
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":9" />, 149 r. 2-3; SAA 8<ref name=":10">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 284:2, 415 r. 1, 507 r. 5].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List"''' 
* (1) List of names of Mars: <sup>mul</sup>''ud.ka.duḫ.a'' = <sup>d</sup>''min''(= <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Mars"; 
* (2) 12 stars of Elam: [<sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.duḫ.a]; (3) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.duḫ.a [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":11">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:108, 205, 226].
|
|-
|'''Star List VR 46,''' 
* 1:43. <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.duḫ.a = u<sub>4</sub>-mu na-ʼi-ri "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Roaring Demon" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:43; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3; AHw<ref name=":5" />, 709a].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866. 
** <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>U.GUR: SAG.KAL ''a-lik ˹maḫ-ri˺ / ˹ṣa-lam˺ šu-u<sub>2</sub> lu-bu-uš-tu<sub>4</sub> la-biš'' AGA ''a-pir'' / ''˹2˺ pa-ni-šu<sub>2</sub> pa-ni maḫ-ru-˹tu<sub>2</sub>˺ pa-ni ṣa-lam / ˹pa˺-ni ar<sub>2</sub>-ku-˹tu<sub>4</sub> pa˺-ni'' ˹UR.˺MAḪ ''ziq-nu za-qin / pi-i pi-˹ti kap˺-pi ra-aš<sub>2</sub>-ši kin-ṣi 15-šu<sub>2</sub> / ˹ki-ṣal˺-šu<sub>2</sub>'' 3.˹TA.˺AM<sub>3</sub> MUL ''a-si-du 15-šu<sub>2</sub>'' KI.UR<sub>2</sub> / [x x x a-si-d]u KI.˹UR<sub>2</sub>˺ ''ṣa-lam''
** "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal, is the first in line, it goes ahead. / Here is a description of (his) human figure: he is clothed, he carries a crown. / He has two faces. The front face is that of a human figure, / the rear face is that of a lion, bearded, / mouth open, has wings; his right shin (and) / his ankle (repeated) three times(?); a star on his right heel (and) lower limbs / [(these are) ... the heel] and lower limbs of a human figure" (col. i 17-23) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":4" />, 36, 39-40, Section B].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''
See 
* (Kurtik k25) ''[[Kumāru]]'', 
* (Kurtik n20) [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ni-bu-u<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub>'' GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]], 
* (Kurtik k18) ''[[Kinṣu]]'', 
* (Kurtik a47) ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''.
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.''' 
* С. 
** <sup>[mu]l</sup>aga ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>mul</sup>˹GU<sub>2</sub>.MUR˺ xx[…] / [2 da]l.ba.a[n.n]a dal.ba.an.na […] 
** "Crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cyg), 
** <sup>mul</sup>˹GU<sub>2</sub>.MUR˺ (ο1 Cyg) / [...2 in]ter[va]ls, interval [...]" [Walker 1995, 29; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105]; <sup>mul</sup>˹GU<sub>2</sub>.MUR˺ xx[...] = <sup>mul</sup>˹gu<sub>2</sub>.mur ''u''<sub>4</sub><sup>?</sup>-''ka''<sup>?</sup>˺-[''duḫ-a'']<sup>?</sup> 
** "The throat of the Demon? with the [Open?] Mouth?", according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":12">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>]. 
* F. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> za[g u<sub>4</sub>.ka.duḫ.a]<sup>?</sup> "The rig[ht] foot [of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth]" (ι Cyg), see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]]. 
* G. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag ud.k[a.du<sub>8</sub>.a], see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]]. 
* H. 
** <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>mul</sup>tir.[an.na mu]l dil.bat šu.gi 3 mul.meš gu tu.lu [2 dal.ba].an.na dal.b[a.an.na] <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a ''maḫ-ru''
** "The right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (ι Cyg). Ra[inbow (β Cas). sta]r with great brilliance from the Old Man (θ Per). 3 stars. Loosely stained rope. [2 inter]vals, inter[val]. Right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth — first." [Walker 1995, 30-31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105; Koch 1995<ref name=":12" />, 45, 57].
* I. 
** <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.˹a mul˺ [...m]ul PA SI lu.lim 3 mul.meš tak<sub>2</sub>-si 
** "The right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (ι Cyg). [...] PA SI of Stag (δ Cas). 3 stars. tak<sub>2</sub>-si" [Walker 1995, 31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 104-105]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":12" />, 45, 57],
** ˹mul˺ [...] = ˹mul˺[kun<sup>?</sup> šaḫ] "[Tail of the Pig]"(β Lac), 
** PA SI lu.lim = ''pa-si'' lu.lim "Leaf(?) of the Stag".
* J. 
** <sup>[mu]l</sup>šu.si ˹gir<sub>3</sub>˺ gub<sub>3</sub> ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.˹a˺ m[ul dil.bat ''ša''<sub>2</sub>] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'' <sup>mul</sup>sag <sup>lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> 3 mul.meš gu si.sa<sub>2</sub> dub<sub>2</sub>.ba 
** "The toe on the right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (π Peg), the st[ar with great brilliance] of Anunitu (γ Peg), the head of the Hired Man (α Ari): 3 stars. Straight tight rope." [Walker 1995, 31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 106; Koch 1995<ref name=":12" />, 45, 57].
* §m. <sup>mul</sup>aga ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a (α Cep), see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ<sub>3</sub>]]. 
* §w. <sup>mul</sup>''ku-ma-ru'' ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>mul</sup>aga ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> ''eš-šu''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> 4 mul.meš gan<sub>2</sub> ab<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> uz<sub>3</sub> ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> 
** "The Shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (κ Cyg? ), Crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), left arm, new damage, Zababa (ζ Oph): 4 stars. Cow Pasture. Leg of the Goat, damage." [Walker 1995, 40-41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 110-111]; according to J. Koch,
** <sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> ''eš-šu''<sub>2</sub> = <sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> [gu<sub>4</sub>.alim]<sup>?</sup> "Left hand [of the Bison]" (Ser d), <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> uz<sub>3</sub> "Leg of the Goat" (= δ Her) [Koch 1995<ref name=":12" />, 50, 63].
* §x. 
** <sup>mul</sup>ur<sub>2</sub> gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>mul</sup>dil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti u''<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>šu ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> 
** "The base of the left leg of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (μ Cyg), the star with great brilliance Anunitu (γ Peg), and the hand, damage." [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":12" />, 51, 64],
** <sup>mul</sup>šu ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> = <sup>mul</sup>šu [gub<sub>3</sub> uz<sub>3</sub>]<sup>?</sup> "[The left] hand [of the Goat]" (θ Lyr).
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.''' 
* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>SIG<sub>4</sub> UD 15 KAM<sub>2</sub> KI KUR ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>UTU ''še-re-e-ti'' <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> ''u'' / <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ ''šit-qu-lu ina'' <sup>iti</sup>GAN ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU<sub>2</sub> ''ša<sub>2</sub>'' <sup>d</sup>Šamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ. AM<sub>3</sub>
* "On the 15th day of siman, during sunrise in the morning, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, the Field, and the Swallow are in equilibrium (= in climax). In the month of kislimu, in the evening at sunset, the same thing takes place." [SpTU I,<ref name=":13">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref> 95:5'-6'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99], see also [SpTU I<ref name=":13" />, 27 r.20].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.''' 
А 3427
* [... ''ina''] <sup>iti</sup>ab ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 <sup>múl</sup>ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a ki.min (= ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) "[In] the month of tebet at noon(?) on the 29th day, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 239:22]. See also (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]].
|Example
|}

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Deneb]]
| HIP 102098
|within constellation lines
| 1.25
|-
|2
| [[Sadr]]
| HIP 100453
|within constellation lines
|2.23
|-
| 3
|[[Aljanah]]
|HIP 102488
|within constellation lines
|2.48
|-
|4
|ζ Cygni
|HIP 104732
|within constellation lines
|3.21
|-
|5
|ζ Cephei
|HIP 109492
|within constellation lines
|3.35
|-
|6
|[[Alfarasalkamil]]
|HIP 113726
|within constellation lines
| 3.62
|-
|7
|ξ Cygni
|HIP 104060
|Inside the Hull
|3.73
|-
|8
|τ Cygni
| HIP 104887
|Inside the Hull
|3.73
|-
|9
|[[Stellio]]
|HIP 111169
|Inside the Hull
|3.77
|-
|10
|[[Udkadua]]
|HIP 116584
|within constellation lines
|3.82
|-
| 11
|η Cygni
|HIP 98110
|within constellation lines
|3.88
|-
|12
|ν Cygni
|HIP 103413
|Inside the Hull
|3.94
|-
|13
|41 Cyg
| HIP 101076
|within constellation lines
|4.01
|-
|14
|ρ Cygni
|HIP 106481
|within constellation lines
|4.02
|-
|15
|1 Lac
|HIP 109937
|within constellation lines
|4.15
|-
|16
|π 2 Cygni
|HIP 107533
|Inside the Hull
|4.18
|-
|17
|ϵ Cephei
|HIP 109857
|Inside the Hull
| 4.18
|-
|18
| 52 Cyg
|HIP 102453
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|19
|σ Cygni
|HIP 105102
| Inside the Hull
| 4.24
|-
|20
| 5 Lac
|HIP 111022
|Inside the Hull
|4.37
|-
|21
|υ Cygni
|HIP 105138
|Inside the Hull
|4.42
|-
|22
|39 Cyg
|HIP 100587
|within constellation lines
|4.44
|-
|23
|β Lacertae
|HIP 110538
|Inside the Hull
| 4.44
|-
|24
|11 Lac
|HIP 111944
|Inside the Hull
|4.46
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 109754
|within constellation lines
| 4.49
|-
|26
|6 Lac
|HIP 111104
| Inside the Hull
|4.511
|-
|27
|63 Cyg
|HIP 104194
|Inside the Hull
| 4.514
|-
|28
|[[Honores]]
|HIP 114570
|Inside the Hull
|4.52
|-
|29
|λ Cygni
| HIP 102589
| Inside the Hull
|4.54
|-
|30
|2 Lac
|HIP 110351
| Inside the Hull
| 4.54
|-
|31
|4 Lac
|HIP 110609
|Inside the Hull
|4.58
|-
|32
|9 Lac
|HIP 111674
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|33
|47 Cyg A
|HIP 101474
|Inside the Hull
|4.636
|-
|34
| 3 And
|HIP 113919
|Inside the Hull
|4.64
|-
| 35
|15 Vul
|HIP 98543
|within constellation lines
|4.651
|-
|36
|[[Azelfafage]]
|HIP 107136
|Inside the Hull
|4.66
|-
|37
|59 Cyg
|HIP 103632
|Inside the Hull
|4.75
|-
| 38
|* lam Cyg A
|HIP 102589
| Inside the Hull
|4.76
|-
|39
| 57 Cyg
| HIP 103089
|Inside the Hull
|4.77
|-
|40
|P Cyg
|HIP 100044
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|41
| 55 Cyg
|HIP 102724
|Inside the Hull
|4.86
|-
|42
|8 And
|HIP 115022
|Inside the Hull
|4.86
|-
|43
|72 Cyg
|HIP 106551
| Inside the Hull
|4.91
|-
| 44
|28 Cyg
|HIP 99303
|Inside the Hull
|4.93
|-
|45
| T Cyg
|HIP 102571
|Inside the Hull
|4.93
|-
|46
| 15 Lac
|HIP 112917
|Inside the Hull
|4.938
|-
|47
|[[Tengshe]]
|HIP 113288
|Inside the Hull
|4.94
|-
|48
|29 Cyg
|HIP 99770
|Inside the Hull
| 4.99
|-
|49
|68 Cyg
| HIP 105186
| Inside the Hull
|5
|-
|50
| 74 Cyg
|HIP 106711
| Inside the Hull
|5.035
|-
| 51
| -
|HIP 102843
|Inside the Hull
|5.05
|-
| 52
| -
| HIP 109102
|Inside the Hull
| 5.07
|-
|53
|13 Lac
|HIP 112242
|Inside the Hull
|5.08
|-
|54
|75 Cyg
|HIP 106999
|Inside the Hull
|5.086
|-
|55
| 35 Cyg
| HIP 100122
| Inside the Hull
|5.162
|-
|56
|* 2 And A
|HIP 113788
|Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
|57
| 21 Vul
|HIP 99738
|Inside the Hull
| 5.189
|-
|58
|NGC 6871
| NGC 6871
|Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|59
|61 Cyg A
|HIP 104214
|Inside the Hull
| 5.21
|-
|60
|71 Cyg
|HIP 106093
|Inside the Hull
|5.217
|-
|61
|12 Lac
|HIP 112031
|Inside the Hull
|5.229
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 109572
|Inside the Hull
| 5.23
|-
|63
|70 Cyg
|HIP 105942
|Inside the Hull
|5.293
|-
|64
| 4 And
| HIP 114200
|Inside the Hull
| 5.294
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 105898
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|66
| -
|HIP 99031
|Inside the Hull
|5.37
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 109521
|Inside the Hull
| 5.377
|-
|68
|W Cyg
|HIP 106642
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|69
|EW Lac
|HIP 113327
|Inside the Hull
| 5.43
|-
|70
| 60 Cyg
|HIP 103732
|Inside the Hull
|5.432
|-
|71
|11 And
|HIP 115152
|Inside the Hull
|5.44
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 103094
| Inside the Hull
|5.462
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 103145
|Inside the Hull
|5.47
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 107235
| Inside the Hull
| 5.505
|-
| 75
| -
|HIP 109745
|Inside the Hull
|5.53
|-
|76
| -
| HIP 103519
|Inside the Hull
|5.547
|-
|77
|36 Cyg
|HIP 100108
| Inside the Hull
|5.58
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 105769
| Inside the Hull
|5.58
|-
|79
|V1942 Cyg
|HIP 108845
|Inside the Hull
|5.596
|-
|80
|40 Cyg
|HIP 100907
|Inside the Hull
|5.62
|-
|81
|49 Cyg
|HIP 102066
| Inside the Hull
|5.638
|-
|82
|V1768 Cyg
|HIP 98863
| Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 102155
|Inside the Hull
|5.664
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 111544
|Inside the Hull
|5.67
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 105497
|Inside the Hull
|5.671
|-
| 86
| -
|HIP 101899
|Inside the Hull
| 5.673
|-
|87
| -
|HIP 105390
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
| 88
|8 Lac A
|HIP 111546
| Inside the Hull
|5.69
|-
|89
|79 Cyg
| HIP 107253
|Inside the Hull
|5.695
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 99841
|Inside the Hull
|5.698
|-
|91
| -
|HIP 104371A
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 109831
| Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|93
|77 Cyg
|HIP 107162
|Inside the Hull
| 5.726
|-
|94
| -
|HIP 98767
|Inside the Hull
|5.73
|-
|95
| -
|HIP 105282
| Inside the Hull
|5.74
|-
|96
| -
|HIP 106393
|Inside the Hull
|5.755
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 108758
|Inside the Hull
|5.776
|-
|98
|DT Cyg
|HIP 104185
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|99
|V460 Cyg
|HIP 107129
|Inside the Hull
|5.84
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 112417
|Inside the Hull
|5.84
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 111259
|Inside the Hull
|5.88
|-
|102
|V1334 Cyg
|HIP 105269
|Inside the Hull
|5.882
|-
|103
| -
| HIP 109972
|Inside the Hull
|5.882
|-
|104
|42 Cyg
|HIP 101067
|Inside the Hull
| 5.899
|-
|105
|V2119 Cyg
|HIP 100574
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|106
|14 Lac
|HIP 112778
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|107
| -
|HIP 111925
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|108
| -
|HIP 100501
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|109
|69 Cyg
|HIP 105811
| Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|110
| -
|HR 8708
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 111
| -
|HIP 112041
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|112
| -
|HIP 103371
|Inside the Hull
|5.96
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 101986
| Inside the Hull
|5.965
|-
|114
| -
| HIP 113048
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 103734
| Inside the Hull
|5.997
|-
|116
| -
|HIP 102033
| Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|117
|61 Cyg B
|HIP 104217
| Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 105432
| Inside the Hull
| 6.037
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 104765
|Inside the Hull
|6.071
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 100486
| Inside the Hull
|6.072
|-
|121
| 76 Cyg
|HIP 107097
|Inside the Hull
|6.075
|-
|122
| -
| HIP 107186
|Inside the Hull
|6.089
|-
|123
| -
|HIP 107664
|Inside the Hull
|6.091
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 103894
| Inside the Hull
|6.097
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 112098
|Inside the Hull
|6.106
|-
|126
|AR Lac
|HIP 109303
| Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 109033
|Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
|128
| -
|HIP 115171
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 99145
|Inside the Hull
|6.141
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 105229
|Inside the Hull
|6.15
|-
|131
| -
|HIP 103532
|Inside the Hull
|6.156
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 105101
|Inside the Hull
|6.159
|-
|133
| -
| HIP 110849
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|134
| -
|HIP 110566
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|135
| -
| HIP 106518
|Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|136
|V399 Lac
|HIP 109205
| Inside the Hull
|6.171
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 110171
|Inside the Hull
|6.179
|-
|138
| -
|HIP 109121
|Inside the Hull
|6.181
|-
|139
|V1619 Cyg
|HIP 107856
|Inside the Hull
|6.193
|-
|140
|CP Cyg
|HIP 106752
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|141
| -
|HIP 101756
|Inside the Hull
|6.202
|-
|142
| -
| HIP 106420
|Inside the Hull
|6.209
|-
| 143
| -
| HIP 105034
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|144
|44 Cyg
| HIP 101214
|Inside the Hull
|6.216
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 100018
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|146
|V1981 Cyg
|HIP 103828
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|147
|V1339 Cyg
|HIP 107140
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
| 148
| -
|HIP 112761
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|149
|* lam Cyg B
|HIP 102589
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
|150
| -
|HIP 109082
| Inside the Hull
|6.254
|-
|151
| -
|HIP 107637
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 99893
|Inside the Hull
|6.275
|-
| 153
| -
|HIP 111550
|Inside the Hull
|6.275
|-
|154
|48 Cyg
|HIP 101765
|Inside the Hull
|6.304
|-
|155
| -
|HIP 103949
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|156
| -
|HIP 103963
|Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|157
|NAME HD 193702AB
|HIP 100268
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|158
| -
|HIP 103079
|Inside the Hull
|6.355
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 100155
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
| 160
| -
|HIP 107398
|Inside the Hull
|6.369
|-
|161
| V405 Lac
|HIP 110408
|Inside the Hull
|6.369
|-
|162
| -
| HIP 105017
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
| 163
| -
|HIP 110316
| Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|164
| -
|HIP 111247
| Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|165
| -
| HIP 111753
|Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 98701
|Inside the Hull
|6.378
|-
| 167
| -
| HIP 105406
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|168
| V444 Cep
|HIP 109124
|Inside the Hull
|6.382
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 100866
|Inside the Hull
|6.398
|-
|170
| -
|HIP 109272
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|171
|NGC 7243
|NGC 7243
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 112300
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|173
| -
| HIP 102585
|Inside the Hull
|6.411
|-
|174
|V350 Lac
|HIP 111072
| Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 175
|LN And
|HIP 113802
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 105637
|Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 107445
| Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 113750
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
| 179
|5 And
|HIP 114210
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|180
| -
|HIP 102993
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
| 181
| -
|HIP 103822
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 104962
|Inside the Hull
|6.441
|-
|183
| -
|HIP 99929
|Inside the Hull
|6.448
|-
|184
| -
| HIP 110055
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 114981
|Inside the Hull
|6.455
|-
|186
| -
|HIP 112986
|Inside the Hull
|6.463
|-
|187
| -
|HIP 99719
|Inside the Hull
|6.464
|-
|188
| -
|HIP 103596
| Inside the Hull
|6.465
|-
|189
| -
|HIP 101268
|Inside the Hull
|6.467
|-
| 190
|X Cyg
|HIP 102276
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|191
|ET And
|HIP 115036
|Inside the Hull
|6.479
|-
|192
| -
| HIP 107749
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|193
| -
|HIP 103871
|Inside the Hull
|6.486
|-
|194
| -
|HIP 113603
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
| 195
| -
|HIP 109079
|Inside the Hull
|6.494
|-
| 196
| -
| HIP 101768
|Inside the Hull
|6.496
|-
|197
| -
|HIP 102062
|Inside the Hull
|6.497
|-
|198
| -
|HIP 99653
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
         [[Nergal|<sup>d</sup>Nergal]] (see Kurtik n18).  

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) At a lunar eclipse: diš ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>kan kimin''-ma'' ....  [igi] <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>2</sub>.tab ''uš-kin'' ti.la taḫ "If in the month of kislim (an eclipse occurrs)... he casts himself down (before) the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (and) the Scorpius; (his) life will be prolonged" [Koch-Westenholz 2001<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Babylonian Views of Eclipses // Res Orientales. 2001. Vol. XIII. P.71-84.</ref>, 77:33]. 
* (2) Calendar and mythological text BM 55466+(r. 17): <sup>múl</sup>ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a [Landsberger 1923<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit // AfK. 1923. Bd. 1. S. 69-82.</ref>; STC I<ref name=":14">''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, 213; II<ref name=":14" />, Pl. 71:17]. 
* (3) Wishes for the welfare of the Assyrian king: [<sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.D]U<sub>8</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>U+GUR ''iš-de-ka'' ''lu-dan-nin nap-ḫar a-a-bi-ka'' / [...] ˹''lu''˺-''ter a-na la'' DUG<sub>3</sub>-˹''ub''<sup>?</sup> ''lib''<sup>?</sup> ''bi''<sup>?</sup>˺ "[The Demon with the Op]en [Mouth], Nergal, may he strengthen your foundation, all your enemies / [...] may he throw you into discontent!" [Watanabe 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331: 9′-10′].

==== Symbol. ====
         For a description of the figure of the constellation see. MLC 1866 (col. i 17-24). The figure resembles that of a monster-like creature with features resembling a panther, a lion, and a bird; it has arms, wings, and two faces — one apparently that of a human and the other like a lion. The presence of a crown indicates the figure's divine status. Mesopotamian glyptics contain many images of different kinds of bird-lions, lion-griffins, but we do not know an image that exactly corresponds to the description given above. Thus, on kudurru and in glyptics there are images of a "dragon-lion" or "lion-griffin", whose front part of the body is like a lion (head, paws, and the trunk), and the hind part is bird-like (legs with claws and a tail), it also has wings, and the mouth is always viciously open [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 181ff.; 1969<ref>''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.</ref>, 489a; Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 121; Wiggermann 1992, 185, 187, 188 Fig. 11; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 48]. There is no evidence, however, that these images were actually associated with the constellation <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A.

==== Previous Identification. ====
[[File:Udkadua.jpg|thumb|Udkadua according to Roland Laffitte (2009); star names assembled from different sources, cf [https://uranos.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SOM_FR_01_C24.pdf PDF on Uranos].]]
         = Cygnus + nearby constellations: Cepheus, Lacerta; + parts of Pegasus and Andromeda(?) [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0" />, 144, I].

         = Cygnus + αξιδζμ Cephei [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13].

         = Cygnus + part of Cephei [Waerden 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 73].

         = Cygnus + Cepheus [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75a].

         = Swan (Cygnus) and part of Cepheus (Cepheus) [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 15; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":8" />, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":4" />, 76].

         = Swan, Lizard, and parts of Cassiopeia and Cepheus [MA<ref name=":3" />, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274].

         = Swan (Cygnus) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":11" />, 207, App. C].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
         (1) Crown (α Cep), see dbn text (§§C, m, w), '''Laffitte:''' ''α Cep''

         (2) Throat(?), see dbn-text (§C), '''Laffitte''': la Trachée artère ''ο<sup>2</sup> Cyg''

         (3) Shoulder (= ziqpu VIII), see (Kurtik k25) ''[[Kumāru]]'', '''Laffitte:''' ''β Cyg''

         (4) Chest (= ziqpu IX), see (Kurtik n20) [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]], ''α Cyg''

         (5) Arms, see Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 stars."

         (6) Wings, see MLC 1866, Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 Stars."

         (7) Right leg (ι Cyg), see dbn text (§§ F, G, H, I).

         (8) The base of the left foot (μ Cyg), see dbn-text (§x).

         (9) Toe on the right foot (π Peg), see dbn-text (§ J), '''Laffitte:''' ''α Sge''

         (10) Knee (= ziqpu X), see (Kurtik k18) ''[[Kinṣu]]''., '''Laffitte:''' ''α Lac''

         (11) Heel (= ziqpu XI), see (Kurtik a47) [[Asidu|''Asīdu'']].

'''Laffitte:'''   la Patte droite du Démon tempête: ''δ Cyg''

==== Astrology. ====
         Identifications:

         (1) = Mars; see above BM 82923, "Great Star List," and also predictions (6), (7), (13), (14).

         (2) = Nergal; <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>U.GUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> [...] "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (is) Nergal, who [...]" [SAA 8<ref name=":10" />, 282:2], see also Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 Stars," MUL.APIN I i 27.

         (3) = ''Šimut''; see (Kurtik sh12) [[Šimut|<sup>d</sup>''Šimut'']], II 1-2, and also prediction (14).

         (4) = Jupiter(?); see prediction (11).

         Predictions:

         (5) Rising in its own time and not in its own time; <sup>m</sup>[<sup>ul</sup>U]D.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ŠU ŠU<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ITI […] IGI-''mar'' BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI LUGAL KUR<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GAR-''an'' / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' [IGI LUGAL KUR BI] ŠI.ŠI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> KUR<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GAR-''an'' IDIM.ME KUR-''ad''<sub>2</sub> "The [D]emon with the Open Mouth sets in the month of duuzu, it rises in the month of [...]; if the star rises early: the king of the country will smite his enemy; if the star [rises] late: [the king of the country] will be smitten by his enemy (and) will gain knowledge?" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 11].

         (6) Risings in the month of Nisan; DIŠ ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>BAR<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A IGI MU.5.KAM KUR.URI<sup>ki</sup> ''ina'' KA <sup>d</sup>''Ir''<sub>3</sub>-''ra'' BE.MEŠ GAL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ ''ana'' MAŠ<sub>2</sub>.ANŠE NU TE "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (= Mars?) rises heliacally in the month of nisan: (within) 5 years, there will be a plague in Akkad at the command of Erra, but it will not affect livestock." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XIII 5, XIV 4].

         (7) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (=Mars) approaches the Fish (=Mercury); [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>]UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A ''a-na'' <sup>mul</sup>KU<sub>6</sub> TE <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD TE-''ma'' [...] "[If] the Demon with the Gaping Mouth approaches the Fish, (it means): Mars appraoches Mercury [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":15">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 30:15], see also [SpTU III, 101:8].

         (8) The Wolf approaches the Demon with the Gaping Mouth; see (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 5.

         (9) Eclipse of the Moon in Scorpius, when the Shoulder culminates; see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]], VI 10.

         (10) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth and the Stag; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.[DU<sub>8</sub>.A] GIR<sub>3</sub> 15 <sup>˹mul˺</sup>LU.LIM ''ir-ḫi'' RI.RI '''(check)''' ''bu-lim'' GALGA KUR SAR-aḫ "If the Demon with the Op[en] Mouth 'waters'(?) the right leg of the Stag: cattle will fall; council in the country will shine forth" [ACh Suppl. 2<ref name=":15" />, 78 col. ii 17].

         (11) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits ''mišḫu''; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A MIN (=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'') MAN MA[R.TU...] / <sup>d</sup>SAG.ME.GAR ''ma-diš'' [...] ... "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu: the king of Amur[ru (will die) ...], (it means): Jupiter is very [....]..." [ACh Suppl. 2<ref name=":15" />, 64 col. ii 13ff.]; this prediction allows for the identity, "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Jupiter," but we cannot assert this with complete certainty..

         (12) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth darkens; <sup>múl</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN.USAN AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "[If] the Demon with the Gaping Mouth becomes dark: an eclipse of the Moon will occur during the evening watch" (AO 6455:1) [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 11:1].

         (13) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (=Mars) is very white or very red when it appears; [DIŠ] <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A ''ina'' GU<sub>4</sub>.UD-''šu''<sub>2</sub> AN-''e'' ''sip''<sub>2</sub>-''du''<sup>(?)</sup> ''u''<sub>4</sub>-''mu'' <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U<sub>8</sub>.A-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ma-gal'' BABBAR ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ ''aš''<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''si-nu-tu u''<sub>3</sub> […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U<sub>8</sub>.A-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ma-gal'' SA<sub>5</sub> SAL.PEŠ<sub>4</sub>.MEŠ EN ''lip''<sub>3</sub>-''lip''<sub>3</sub>-''ši-na'' UŠ<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ ''aš''<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> … "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (is observed) durings its appearance in the sky: sorrow, Mars' day [...], (if) [at] its [appearance] it is very white: horses will die because of si-nu-tu and [...], (if) [at] its [appearance] it is very red: pregnant women and their intrauterine babies will die because of ..." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":15" />, 30:8-10], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":15" />, 24:1].

         (14) The colors of Shemut (= the Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Mars); DIŠ <sup>d</sup>''Si-mu-ut'' MUL.BI MI (var.: BABBAR, SIG<sub>7</sub>, SA<sub>5</sub>) ... "If Shemut, its star is black (var.: white, green, red) ..." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":15" />, 24:4-5].

         See also: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A IGI ...[...] "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth appears...[...]" [SAA 8<ref name=":10" />, 415 r. 1-2].

==Historical Dictionaries== 
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2007)
!Gössmann (1950)
!Laffitte (2009)
https://uranos.fr/som_fr_01/
|-
| scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, u06) ===
| scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
| scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |
=== Laffitte (Uranos 2009) ===
|-
|вар. чтения: <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A, <sup>mul</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A, PIRIG<sub>2</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A; = <sup>mul</sup>''kaduḫḫû'', <sup>(mul)</sup>''nimru'', шум. «Демон с Разинутой Пастью», акк. «Пантера, Леопард»; созвездие в Лебеде и части Цефея (Cygnus + Cepheus) [Gössmann 1950, 144; BPO 2, 15; CAD K, 35, N/2, 234–235; LAS 2, 93; MA, 126; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].||Example
|U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A ([https://uranos.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SOM_FR_01_C24.pdf PDF])
«le Démon Tempête à la Gueule béante»

= ''Nemru'', «la Panthère»
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты''.''' Серия ''Nabnītu'' XXII, 265: U[D].KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.˹A˺ = ''nim-ru'' «Дем[он] с Разинутой Пастью = Пантера», цит. по [LAS 2, 93], см. также [CT 12, 48 iv 14]. '''''Хеттская молитва ночным богам'''''. <sup>mul</sup>''Ka''<sub>4</sub>-''ad-du-uḫ-ḫa'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:15; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46; Soden 1987, 71].  '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [BPO 2, IX 11, XIII 5, XIV 4; BPO 3, 289; SpTU III, 101:8, 10], а также [Biggs 1987, 10 r. 30]. '''''«Астролябии».''''' Astrolabe P. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану, 60 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul ''ša'' igi-''šu'' gub ''kap-pi u rit-te'' gar-''nu'' / <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(u.gur) «Созвездие, которое перед ними (т.е. Весами) стоит, обладающее крыльями и руками, (это) Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (B ii 12–13); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Anu'' 4]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [<sup>iti</sup>gan] … <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' «[Кислиму]: … Демон с Разинутой Пастью (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 9). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6<sup>m</sup>): восход — кислиму, заход — симану [KAV 218, C 18, 29; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40]. BM 82923. Кислиму, звезды Ану: <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A // 1 // <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью // 60 // Марс» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:26]. BM 34713. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:10], см. g27GU.LA. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.[du<sub>8</sub>.a] // 1 «(Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 60» [CT 33, 11]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 8): <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.<du<sub>8</sub>>.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Anu'' 4. [MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub>] ˹''ana'' IGI-''it''˺ (<x x x>) GUB-''zu a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-''nu'' <sup>múl</sup>UD.KA.D[UḪ.A <sup>d</sup>U.GUR] «[Звезда, которая] напротив него (т.е. Скорпиона) стоит, несущая корону (на своей голове), снабженная крыльями и руками, (это) “Демон с Рази[нутой] Пастью”, [Нергал]» (A. 18, B. 19) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. '''''Текст BM 77054'''''. См. sh17ŠU.PA. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 27): <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A <sup>d</sup>U.GUR «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (I i 27). '''(2)'''  Даты гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>GAN UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A <sup>mul</sup>TI<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>''Pa-bil-sag'' IGI<sup>meš</sup> «15-го кислиму Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Орел и Пабилсаг становятся видны» (I iii 5–6). '''(3)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 20), см. n50NUN<sup>ki</sup>, b) (I iii 29), см. a04A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup>. '''(4)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> 30 UD<sup>meš</sup> ''ana'' KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A / TA KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A 30 UD<sup>meš</sup> ''ana'' KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ «30 дней от восхода Козы до восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью. 30 дней от восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью до восхода Ласточки» (I iii 39–40). '''(5)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A (I iv 5). '''(6)''' Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: '''a)''' BE-''ma'' ''zi-iq-pa a-na a-ma-ri-ka'' ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>BAR<sub>2</sub> UD 20 KAM / ''ina'' ''šer''<sub>3</sub>-''ti la-am'' <sup>d</sup>UTU KUR-''ḫa'' GUB-''ma'' ZAG-''ka'' <sup>im</sup>MAR.TU / GUB<sub>3</sub>-''ka'' <sup>im</sup>KUR.RA ''ni-iš'' IGI-''ka'' <sup>im</sup>U<sub>18</sub>.LU / ''ku-ma-ru ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub> KUR-''ḫa'' «Если ты хочешь наблюдать ''ziqpu''-(звезды) 20-го нисану, ты должен стать утром перед восходом Солнца, запад справа от тебя, восток слева от тебя, лицо твое обращено к югу; (в это время) плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди и Посох восходит» (I iv 10–14), '''b)''' 1-го айяру грудь Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминирует, Звезды восходят, см. m35MUL.MUL, '''c)''' 20-го айяру колено Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминирует, Челюсть Быка восходит, см. i15''Is lê'', '''d)''' ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>SIG<sub>4</sub> UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du'' ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ḫa'' «10-го симану пятка Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и Праведный Пастух Ану восходит» (I iv 19–20), (параллель см. BM 77054:1′–4′ [George 1991]), '''e)''' Шупа кульминирует, Демон с Разинутой Пастью восходит (I iv 27), см. sh17ŠU.PA [MA, 26, 44–45, 49, 51, 54, 59–63, 66]. «'''''Письма'''''» '''''и''''' «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 10, 149 r. 2–3; SAA 8, 284:2, 415 r. 1, 507 r. 5]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.duḫ.a = <sup>d</sup>min(= <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Элама: [<sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.duḫ.a]; '''(3)''' 7 ''lumāšu''-звезд: <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.duḫ.a [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:108, 205, 226]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:43'''''. <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.duḫ.a = ''u''<sub>4</sub>-''mu'' ''na''-ʼ''i-ri'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Ревущий демон» [HBA, 52:43; Wee 2016, 162–3; AHw, 709a]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>U.GUR : SAG.KAL ''a-lik'' ˹''maḫ-ri''˺ / ˹''ṣa-lam''˺ ''šu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''lu-bu-uš-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''la-biš'' AGA ''a-pir'' / ˹2˺ ''pa-ni''-''šu<sub>2</sub>'' ''pa-ni maḫ-ru''-˹''tu''<sub>2</sub>˺ ''pa-ni ṣa-lam'' / ˹''pa''˺''-ni ar''<sub>2</sub>-''ku-''˹''tu''<sub>4</sub> ''pa''˺-''ni'' ˹UR.˺MAḪ ''ziq-nu za-qin'' / ''pi-i'' ''pi-''˹''ti'' ''kap''˺''-pi ra''-''aš''<sub>2</sub>-''ši kin-ṣi'' 15-''šu<sub>2</sub>'' / ˹''ki-ṣal''˺-''šu<sub>2</sub>'' 3.˹TA.˺AM<sub>3</sub> MUL ''a-si-du'' 15-''šu<sub>2</sub>'' KI.UR<sub>2</sub> / [x x x ''a-si-d'']''u'' KI.˹UR<sub>2</sub>˺ ''ṣa-lam'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал, самый первый, идущий впереди. / Вот (его) человеческая фигура: он в одеянии, он несет корону. / У него два лица. Переднее лицо — лицо человеческой фигуры, / заднее лицо — лицо льва, бородат, / рот открыт, имеет крылья; его правая голень (и) / его лодыжка (повторены) трижды(?); звезда на его правой пятке (и) нижних конечностях / [(это) … пятк]а и нижние конечности человеческой фигуры» (col. i 17–23) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 39–40, Section B]. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''''. См. k25''Kumāru'', n20''ni''-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub>, k18''Kinṣu'', a47''Asīdu''. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''С.''' <sup>[mu]l</sup>aga ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>mul</sup>˹GU<sub>2</sub>.MUR˺ xx[…] / [2 da]l.ba.a[n.n]a dal.ba.an.na […] «Корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), Демон с Разинутой Пастью (α Cyg), <sup>mul</sup>˹GU<sub>2</sub>.MUR˺ (ο<sup>1</sup> Cyg) / […2 ин]тер[ва]ла, интервал […]» [Walker 1995, 29; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105]; <sup>mul</sup>˹GU<sub>2</sub>.MUR˺ xx[…] = <sup>mul</sup>˹gu<sub>2</sub>.mur u<sub>4</sub><sup>?</sup>-ka<sup>?</sup>˺-[duḫ-a]<sup>?</sup> «Горло Демона<sup>?</sup> с [Разинутой<sup>?</sup>] Пастью<sup>?</sup>», согласно [Koch 1995]. '''F'''. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> za[g u<sub>4</sub>.ka.duḫ.a]<sup>?</sup> «Прав[ая] нога [Демона с Разинутой Пастью]» (ι Cyg), см. sh02ŠAḪ. '''G'''. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag ud.k[a.du<sub>8</sub>.a], см. sh02ŠAḪ. '''H'''. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>mul</sup>tir.[an.na mu]l dil.bat šu.gi 3 mul.meš gu tu.lu [2 dal.ba].an.na dal.b[a.an.na] <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a ''maḫ-ru'' «Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью (ι Cyg). Ра[дуга (β Cas). Звез]да с большим блеском Старика (θ  Per). 3 звезды. Слабо натянутая веревка. [2 интер]вала, интер[вал]. Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью — первая.» [Walker 1995, 30–31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105; Koch 1995, 45, 57]. '''I'''. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.˹a mul˺ […m]ul PA SI lu.lim 3 mul.meš ''tak''<sub>2</sub>-''si'' «Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью (ι Cyg). […] PA SI Оленя (δ Cas). 3 звезды. ''tak''<sub>2</sub>-''si''» [Walker 1995, 31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 104–105]; согласно [Koch 1995, 45, 57], ˹mul˺ […] = ˹<sup>mul</sup>˺[kun<sup>?</sup> šaḫ] «[Хвост Свиньи]»(β Lac), PA SI lu.lim = ''pa-si'' lu.lim «Лист(?) Оленя». '''J'''. <sup>[mu]l</sup>šu.si ˹gir<sub>3</sub>˺ gub<sub>3</sub> ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.˹a˺ m[ul dil.bat ''ša''<sub>2</sub>] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'' <sup>mul</sup>sag <sup>lú</sup>ḫun.ga<sub>2</sub> 3 mul.meš gu si.sa<sub>2</sub> dub<sub>2</sub>.ba «Носок правой ноги Демона с Разинутой Пастью (π Peg), зве[зда с большим блеском] Ануниту (γ Peg), голова Наемника (α Ari): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка.» [Walker 1995, 31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 106; Koch 1995, 45, 57]. '''§m'''. <sup>mul</sup>aga ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a (α Cep), см. u31UZ<sub>3</sub>. '''§w'''. <sup>mul</sup>''ku-ma-ru'' ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>mul</sup>aga ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> ''eš-šu''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>za.ba<sub>4</sub>.ba<sub>4</sub> 4 mul.meš gan<sub>2</sub> ab<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> uz<sub>3</sub> ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> «Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью (κ Cyg<sup>?</sup>), Корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), левая рука, новое повреждение, Забаба (ζ Oph): 4 звезды. Коровье пастбище. Нога Козы, повреждение» [Walker 1995, 40–41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 110–111]; согласно Й. Коху, <sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> ''eš-šu''<sub>2</sub> = <sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> [gu<sub>4</sub>.alim]<sup>?</sup> «Левая рука [Зубра]» (Ser ''d''), <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> uz<sub>3</sub> «Нога Козы» (= δ Her) [Koch 1995, 50, 63]. '''§x'''. <sup>mul</sup>ur<sub>2</sub> gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>mul</sup>dil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti u''<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>šu ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> «Основание левой ноги Демона с Разинутой Пастью (μ Cyg), звезда с большим блеском Ануниту (γ Peg) и рука, повреждение.» [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; согласно [Koch 1995, 51, 64], <sup>mul</sup>šu ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> = <sup>mul</sup>šu [gub<sub>3</sub> uz<sub>3</sub>]<sup>?</sup> «[Левая] рука [Козы]» (θ Lyr). '''''Текст Nv. 10.''''' Схема интеркаляции: <sup>mul</sup>u<sub>4</sub>.˹ka.duḫ.ḫa˺ как звезда Эа — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце аддару, см. L04''Lammu''. '''''Текст W. 22281a.''''' ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>SIG<sub>4</sub> UD 15 KAM<sub>2</sub> KI KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>UTU ''še-re-e-ti'' <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> ''u'' / <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ ''šit-qu-lu ina'' <sup>iti</sup>GAN ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Šamaš''(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM<sub>3</sub> «15-го симану при восходе Солнца утром Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Поле и Ласточка в равновесии (= в кульминации). В месяце кислиму вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое» [SpTU I, 95:5'–6'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99], см. также [SpTU I, 27 r.20]. '''''Анафора'''''. А 3427: [… ''ina''] <sup>iti</sup>ab ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 <sup>múl</sup>ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) «[В] месяце тебету в полдень(?) 29-го дня Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает ''mišḫu'' и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:22]. См. также h12<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>.

II. Божество.

Нергал (см. n18). '''''Молитвы и ритуалы'''''. '''(1)''' При лунном затмении: diš ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>kan kimin-''ma'' …. [igi] <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>2</sub>.tab ''uš-kin'' ti.la taḫ «Если в месяце кислиму (затмение произошло)… он повергает себя ниц (перед) Демоном с Разинутой Пастью (и) Скорпионом; (его) жизнь продлится» [Koch-Westenholz 2001, 77:33]. '''(2)''' Календарно-мифологический текст BM 55466+(r. 17): <sup>múl</sup>ud.ka.du<sub>8</sub>.a [Landsberger 1923; STC I, 213; II, Pl. 71:17]. '''(3)''' Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [<sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.D]U<sub>8</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>U+GUR ''iš-de-ka lu-dan-nin nap-ḫar a-a-bi-ka'' / […] ˹''lu''˺-''ter a-na la'' DUG<sub>3</sub>-˹''ub''<sup>?</sup> ''lib''<sup>?</sup>-''bi''<sup>?</sup>˺ «[Демон с Рази]нутой [Пастью], Нергал, да укрепит твои основания, всех врагов твоих / […] да ввергнет в недовольство!» [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331: 9′–10′].

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия см. MLC 1866 (col. i 17–24). Это монстрообразное существо, имеющее черты сходства с пантерой, но также со львом и птицей, у него есть руки, крылья и два лица, одно, по-видимому, человеческое, а второе — львиное. Наличие короны указывает на божественный статус фигуры. Месопотамская глиптика содержит немало изображений различного рода птице-львов, львов-грифонов, однако нам неизвестно изображение, точно соответствующее приведенному описанию. Так, на кудурру и в глиптике встречаются изображения «льва-дракона», или «льва-грифона», у которого передняя часть тела — львиная (голова, лапы и туловище), а задняя часть — птичья (ноги с когтями и хвост), у него имеются также крылья, и пасть всегда злобно разинута [Seidl 1968, 181ff.; 1969, 489a; Black–Green 1992, 121; Wiggermann 1992, 185, 187, 188 Fig. 11; Куртик 2007, рис. 48]. Нет, однако, доказательств того, что эти изображения были на самом деле связаны с созвездием <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A.

IV. Отождествление.

= Сygnus + близлежащие созвездия: Cepheus, Lacerta; + части Пегаса и Андромеды(?) [Gössmann 1950, 144, I].

= Cygnus + αξιδζμ Cephei [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Cygnus + часть Cephei [Waerden 1974, 73].

= Cygnus + Cepheus [Weidner 1957–59, 75a].

= Лебедь (Cygnus) и часть Цефея (Сepheus) [BPO 2, 15; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

= Лебедь, Ящерица и части Кассиопеи и Цефея [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274].

= Лебедь (Cygnus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1)   Корона (α Cep), см. dbn-текст (§§С, m, w).

(2)   Горло(?), см dbn-текст (§С).

(3)   Плечо (= ''ziqpu'' VIII), см. k25''Kumāru''.

(4)   Грудь (= ''ziqpu'' IX), см. n20''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub>

(5)   Руки, см. Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''».

(6)   Крылья, см. MLC 1866, Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''».

(7)   Правая нога (ι Cyg), см. dbn-текст (§§ F, G, H, I).

(8)   Основание левой ноги (μ Cyg), см. dbn-текст (§x).

(9)   Носок правой ноги (π Peg), см. dbn-текст (§ J).

(10) Колено (= ''ziqpu'' X), см. k18''Kinṣu''.

(11) Пятка (= ''ziqpu'' XI), см. a47''Asīdu''.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1)  = ''Марс''; см. выше ''BM 82923'', «''Большой список звезд»'', а также предсказания (6), (7), (13), (14).

(2)  = ''Нергал''; <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>U.GUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> […] «Демон с Разинутой Пастью (есть) Нергал, который […]» [SAA 8, 282:2],  см. также Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''», MUL.APIN I i 27.

(3)  = ''Шимут''; см. sh12<sup>d</sup>''Šimut'', II 1–2, а также предсказание (14).

(4) = ''Юпитер''(?); см. предсказание (11).

Предсказания:

(5) ''Восход в свое и не в свое время''; <sup>m</sup>[<sup>ul</sup>U]D.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ŠU ŠU<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ITI […] IGI-''mar'' BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI LUGAL KUR<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GAR-''an'' / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' [IGI LUGAL KUR BI] ŠI.ŠI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> KUR<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GAR-''an'' IDIM.ME KUR-''ad''<sub>2</sub> «[Д]емон с Разинутой Пастью заходит в месяце дуузу, он восходит в месяце […]; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь страны поразит своего врага; еcли эта звезда [восходит] поздно: [царя той страны] поразит его враг (и) захватит знать<sup>?</sup>» [BPO 2, IX 11].

(6) ''Восход в месяце нисану''; DIŠ ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>BAR<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A IGI MU.5.KAM KUR.URI<sup>ki</sup> ''ina'' KA <sup>d</sup>''Ir''<sub>3</sub>-''ra'' BE.MEŠ GAL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ ''ana'' MAŠ<sub>2</sub>.ANŠE NU TE «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью (= Марс?) восходит гелиакически в месяце нисану: (в течение) 5 лет в Аккаде по велению Эрры будет чума, но она не коснется скота» [BPO 2, XIII 5, XIV 4].

(7) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью'' (=''Марс'') ''приближается к Рыбе'' (=''Меркурий''); [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>]UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>A ''a-na'' <sup>mul</sup>KU<sub>6</sub> TE <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD TE-''ma'' […] «[Если] Демон с Разинутой Пастью к Рыбе приближается, (это означает): Марс к Меркурию приближается […]» [ACh Ištar, 30:15], см. также [SpTU III, 101:8].

(8) ''Волк к Демону с Разинутой Пастью  приближается''; см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 5.

(9) ''Затмение Луны в Скорпионе, когда Плечо кульминирует''; см. g19GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB, VI 10.

(10) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью и Олень''; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.[DU<sub>8</sub>.A] GIR<sub>3</sub> 15 ˹<sup>mul</sup>˺LU.LIM ''ir-ḫi'' RI.RI (проверить) ''bu-lim'' GALGA KUR SAR-''aḫ'' «Если Демон с Рази[нутой] Пастью «поливает»(?) правую ногу Оленя: падеж скота; совет в стране воссияет» [ACh Suppl. 2,  78 col. ii 17].

(11) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает'' ''mišḫu''; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A MIN (=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'') MAN MA[R.TU…] / <sup>d</sup>SAG.ME.GAR ''ma-diš'' […] … «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает ''mišḫu'': царь Амур[ру (умрет) …], (это означает): Юпитер очень [….]…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 64 col. ii 13ff.]; данное предсказание допускает тождество: “Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Юпитер”, однако полной уверенности быть не может.

(12) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью потемнел''; <sup>múl</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN.USAN AN.MI GAR-''ma'' «[Если] Демон с Разинутой Пастью стал темным: затмение Луны в вечернюю стражу произойдет» (AO 6455:1) [TU, 11:1].

(13) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью'' (=''Марс'') ''при своем появлении очень белый или'' ''очень красный''; [DIŠ] <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A ''ina'' GU<sub>4</sub>.UD-''šu''<sub>2</sub> AN-e ''sip''<sub>2</sub>''-du''(?) ''u''<sub>4</sub>-''mu'' <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U<sub>8</sub>.A-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ma-gal'' BABBAR ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ ''aš''<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''si-nu-tu u''<sub>3</sub> […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U<sub>8</sub>.A-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ma-gal'' SA<sub>5</sub> SAL.PEŠ<sub>4</sub>.MEŠ EN ''lip''<sub>3</sub>-''lip''<sub>3</sub>-''ši-na'' UŠ<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ ''aš''<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> … «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью (наблюдается) при своем появлении на небе: печаль, день Марса […], (если) [при] своем [появ]лении он очень белый: лошади будут умирать из-за ''si-nu-tu'' и […], (если) [при] своем [появ]лении он очень красный: беременные женщины и их внутриутробные младенцы будут умирать из-за …» [ACh Ištar, 30:8–10], см. также [ACh Ištar, 24:1].

(14) ''Цвета Шимута'' (= ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Марс''); DIŠ <sup>d</sup>''Si-mu-ut'' MUL.BI MI (вар.: BABBAR, SIG<sub>7</sub>, SA<sub>5</sub>) … «Если Шимут, звезда его черная (вар.: белая, зеленая, красная) …» [ACh Ištar, 24:4–5].

См. также: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A IGI … […] «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью появляется … […]» [SAA 8, 415 r. 1–2]
|Example
|* Le nom de U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », est attesté dans les ''Tables calendaires'' dites « astrolabes » datées de la fin du 1<sup>er</sup> millénaire av. J.-C. o il correspond à ''α Cyg''. 
<nowiki>*</nowiki> On trouve ce nom pour une constellation désormais développée tant plusieurs documents datés entre l’an mil et 650 av. J.-C., notamment les ''Listes d’étoiles culminantes'' et le ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'', de même époque, soit ver où elle apparaît comme un des plus riches d’étoiles de la voûte céleste mésopotamienne. 

Neuf étoiles apparaissent dans ces documents pour la constellation U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », que l’on nomme ''Nemru'', « la Panthère », en akkadien. Le tableau ci-dessous découle d’une série d’hypothèses qui ont conduit à modifier les identifications faites pour les rendre cohérente avec la figure la plus plausible, le changement le plus substantiel consistant à faire passer le « Pied gauche » du segment ''μ Cyg''‒''π Peg'' à ''γ Sge''‒''α Sge''. Il n’est cependant pas certain que les Mésopotamiens n’avaient pas, en des lieux différents, imaginé des iconographies différentes pour cette figure qui se présente de toute façon sans doute possible comme un démon/panthère ailé. 

'''Les noms des étoiles UD.KA.DUḪ.A''' 
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Nom''' 
|'''Transcription'''
|'''Traduction'''
|-
|''α Cep''
|mul.AGA U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Couronne du  Démon tempête
|-
|''α Cyg''
|mul.U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A

mul.GABA U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A

MUL ''nibu šá'' mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|le Démon tempête

la Poitrine du  Démon Tempête

(l’étoile) brillante  (de la Poitrine) du Démon…°
|-
|''δ Cyg''
|mul.GÌR ZAG U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Patte droite du  Démon tempête
|-
|''β Cyg''
|mul.''kumaru'' (''šá'')  U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A
|l’Épaule du Démon  tempête
|-
|''γ Sge''
|mul.ÙR GÌR GÙB U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Hanche gauche du  Démon tempête
|-
|''ο<sup>2</sup> Cyg''
|mul.GÚ.MUR
|la Trachée artère
|-
|''α Sge''
|mul.ŠU-SI GÌR GÙB U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A
|l’Orteil de Patte gauche  du Démon
|-
|''α Lac''
|''Kinṣu  šá'' mul.U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Jambe (du Démon à  la gueule béante)
|-
|''λ Andr''
|''Asidu  šá'' mul.U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A
|le Talon (du Démon à  la gueule béante)
|}
'''II. La mythologie liée à la figure de U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'''''


Comme l’indiquent sans équivoque les textes classiques, U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », ou ''Nemru'' = « la Panthère » en akkadien, est l’emblème de Nergal qui possède, ans la mythologie mésopotamienne, le statut de dieu des Enfers, maître du Monde d’En-bas. Placé d’abord sous l’autorité d’Éreškigal, le Monde des morts est devenu son royaume à la suite de son mariage avec la déesse, ainsi que le raconte le mythe ''Nergal et Éreškigal''. 

La personnalité de Nergal est complexe. Ainsi apparaît-il sur le monder terrestre commun dieu redoutable, maître des épidémies mortelles et des inondations. Ce pouvoir de mort explique son assimilation, effectuée à la fin du II<sup>e</sup> millénaire, avec Erra, le dieu de la Guerre, dont il hérite l’épithète de « Vaillant ». C’est à ce titre qu’il devient d’ailleurs le patron de la planète ''Ṣabaltānu'' (= ''Mars''), dont le rougeoiement était conçu comme un phénomène funeste dans les textes astrologiques.

Il est représenté sur les kudurrus d’époque qassite par son animal emblématique, le Démon/Panthère ailé accompagné d’une masse à double tête de panthère.

Les Mésopotamiens avaient une représentation assez réaliste des figures célestes, comme cela est prouvé par la mise au point des figures de UR.GU.LA, « le Lion », ou de SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, « le Fidèle Berger d’Anu » à partir des noms d’étoiles, les figures représentations fournies par les kudurrus ou par le document astrologique dont témoignent les tablettes VAT 7847 & 7851 et AO 6448. 

Or les Mésopotamiens donnèrent des noms aux étoiles de la région centrée sur ''Cygnus'' des appellations s’expliquant par la place des étoiles dans la figure de U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », qui est, selon V R 46, l. 43, UD-''mu na-i-ri'', soit « la Tempête rugissante », et dont l’équivalent akkadien est ''Nemru'', « la Panthère », lié à Nergal. 

En effet, ainsi que cela ressort tant de la tablette babylonienne tardive BM 5502, l. 19, qui est une copie de la tablette médiobabylonienne HS 1897, que de la ''Table des Douze fois Trois'', CT 250, ii, l.12, ou encore du ''Texte MUL.APIN'', c’est-à-dire de la tablette BM 86378, I, i, l. 28 : U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A d.UGUR, soit « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante est Nergal ».

Nous apprenons par ce mêmes tablettes que U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », se présente ''a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-nu, « coiffé d’une couronne [et] muni d’ailes et de mains », HS 1897, l. 18 & BM 5502, l. 19. Nous possédons une représentation de la panthère/démon tempête comme symbole de Nergal sur le kudurru du roi qassite Mellishipak II, 1188-1174 av. J.-C. (voir ci-contre).

Nous possédons deux types de listes d’étoiles de mul.U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A. La première fait partie des étoiles culminantes canoniques, que nous trouvons dans divers documents, notamment dans AO 6478, dont j’utiliserai l’identification faite par Hermann Hunger et David Pingree, ''Astral sciences'', 86-87. La seconde est extraite du ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'' (K 6490), dont j’utiliserai l’identification faite par Johannes Koch, ''WO'', XXVI, 27-42, par ailleurs indiqué par les auteurs précédents, ''ibid.'', 105-111. 

'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A''' '''à partir des identifications de H. Hunger et D. Pingree'''
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |AO 6478: identification H & P, 87
|-
|8
|''Kumaru šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|l’Épaule (du Démon à la gueule béante

= la Panthère)
|''β Cyg''
|-
|9
|GABA (= ''Irtu'') 

''šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')

MUL ''nibu'' 

''šá'' (GABA = ''Irtu'') mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Poitrine 

(du Démon à la gueule béante

la (l’étoile) brillante 

(de la Poitrine du  Démon…)°
| 

''α Cyg''
|-
|10
|''Kinṣu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|la Jambe (du Démon à  la gueule béante
|''α Lac''
|-
|11
|''Asidu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|le Talon (du Démon à  la gueule béante
|''λ And''
|}
'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A''' '''à partir des identifications de H. Hunger et D. Pingree'''
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |AO 6478: identification H & P, 87
|-
|8
|''Kumaru šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|l’Épaule (du Démon à la gueule béante

= la Panthère)
|''β Cyg''
|-
|9
|GABA (= ''Irtu'') 

''šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')

MUL ''nibu'' 

''šá'' (GABA = ''Irtu'') mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Poitrine 

(du Démon à la gueule béante

la (l’étoile) brillante 

(de la Poitrine du  Démon…)°
| 

''α Cyg''
|-
|10
|''Kinṣu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|la Jambe (du Démon à  la gueule béante
|''α Lac''
|-
|11
|''Asidu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|le Talon (du Démon à  la gueule béante
|''λ And''
|}
'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A à partir des identifications de J. Koch'''

Le passage des deux identifications au prisme de la localisation dans les figures reconstituées à partir des noms d’étoiles, conduit aux constatations suivantes :

1. les deux identifications induisent des formes différentes pour la figure de mul.U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A ;

2. dans les deux cas, une représentation anthropomorphique s’avère impraticable. Dans le cas A, le segment GABA, « la Poitrine » / Kamaru, « l’Épaule », étant plus long que le segment GABA, « la Poitrine » / ''Asidu'', « le Talon », cela entraînerait un torse complètement disproportionné puisque le rapport du premier ne saurait dépasser le quart dans un figure humaine trapue et aux jambes courtes. Dans le cas B, GABA, « la Poitrine », se trouverait exactement entre un GÌR GÙB, « Pied gauche » et un GÌR ZAG, « Pied droit », de taille différente, même si l’on admet avec Koch que le terme ''kumaru'' doit être compris non comme « épaule », mais comme « limite », et la distance entre GABA, « la Poitrine » et GÌR ZAG, « le Pied droit », serait quatre ou cinq fois plus petite que celle qui séparerait GABA, « la Poitrine », et AGA, « la Couronne ».

3. dans le cas A, nous avons un figure du Démon / Panthère complexe, soumise à une torsion assez grande entre un buste disposé de face avec une tête tournée vers la droite et une croupe quasiment de profil. Mais elle peut rester proportionnée, même en tenant faisant figurer AGA, « la Couronne », qui appartient à la seconde liste. Une seule remarque pour cette hypothèse : si le terme ''kumaru'' comme « épaule », ainsi que le pensent Hunger et Pingree, c’est ''γ Cyg'' qui conviendrait mieux dans la figure que ''β Cyg''. Si nous prenons l’acception proposée par Koch, ''β Cyg'' est parfaitement à sa place sur la représentation proposée. 

4. Dans le cas B, nous ne pouvons admettre une figure de l’animal emblème de Nergal que de dos avec une tête tournée vers la gauche, ce qui obligerait à localiser GÌR ZAG, « Pied droit » sur une épaule de fait cachée par la figure. Cela paraît bien peu vraisemblable.

5. il n’est pas totalement impossible que nous soyons en présence de deux figures composée de façon indépendante impliquant donc des noms d’étoiles que le regroupement dans un figure unique rendrait incohérent. Je ferai toutefois l’hypothèse d’une figure unique. Le problème se pose alors de localiser les étoiles du ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'' sur cette figure en modifiant leur identification. Dans ce cas GÌR GÙB, « le Pied gauche », correspondrait à l’espace de ''Sagitta''. C’est ainsi que mul.ÙR GÌR GÙB, « la Base du Pied gauche » pourrait être identifiée à ''γ Sge'' et mul.ŠU-SI GÌR GÙB, « le Doigt du Pied gauche », à ''γ Sge''. Le fait que la tablette V R 46 nous parle des ''bras'' de U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DUḪ.A et non ce ses ''pieds'' (GÌR) comme cela est indiqué dans la liste B, ou de ''jambe'' (''kinṣu'') et de ''talon'' (''asidu'') invite cependant à pencher pour l’hypothèse d’une pluralité de figures. 

|}

==References== 
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] 
[[Category:Constellation]] 
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]] [[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Cyg]] [[Category:Cep]]