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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Girra}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE: }}


Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
----Girra is the Mesopotamian fire-god who has an astronomical aspect both as an independent asterism as in the Old Babylonian narrative 'Girra and Elamatum' <nowiki>[[add bibliography link??]]</nowiki>, and by way of identifications with other asterisms including Mars ????.
 
#REDIRECT [[GI%C5%A0.BAR]]  Girra is the Mesopotamian fire-god who has an astronomical aspect both as an independent asterism as in the Old Babylonian narrative 'Girra and Elamatum' <nowiki>[[add bibliography link??]]</nowiki>, and by way of identifications with other asterisms including Mars ????.
#.  For examples see  [[GIŠ.BAR]] and [[GIBIL6|GIBIL<sub>6</sub>]].  <nowiki>[[maybe we should unify all three entries???]]</nowiki> sub. Girra??
 
 
<sup>mul</sup>GIBIL<sub>6</sub> (𒀯𒉈𒄀) is the astral manifestation of the Sumero-Akkadian fire-god Girra.  In Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, Girra is an independent constellation which may also be the case in the contemporary myth 'Girra and Elamatum' when complete. Later, Girra becomes identified with Mars because of the planet's fiery red-orange color (see Horowitz 2020: 142-143). 


# <sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.BAR (𒀯𒄑𒁇) is an ancient Mesopotamian term, see also (Kurtik n55) [[Nusku]].
# <sup>mul</sup>GIBIL<sub>6</sub> (𒀯𒉈𒄀) is the astral manifestation of the Sumero-Akkadian fire-god Girra.  In Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, Girra is an independent constellation which may also be the case in the contemporary myth 'Girra and Elamatum' when complete. Later, Girra becomes identified with Mars because of the planet's fiery red-orange color (see Horowitz 2020: 142-143). 


???Probably to be added NE.GI.IZI,GAR = N13???
???Probably to be added NE.GI.IZI,GAR = N13???


==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:
'''Var. readings''':
 
* 1) <sup>d</sup>BIL.GI, <sup>d</sup>NE.GI (GIBIL<sub>6</sub>); = <sup>d</sup>GIŠ.BAR; = <sup>d</sup>''Girru'', Sumero-Akkadian fire god, Girra.
* 2) epithet of Mars, see also (Kurtik g13) [[GIŠ.BAR]].


Var.
* (1)
** <sup>d</sup>BIL.GI,
** <sup>d</sup>NE.GI,
** <sup>d</sup>GIBIL<sub>6</sub>;
** = <sup>d</sup>Girru; the star of the fire god Girra:
* (2) epithet of Mars, see also (Kurtik g13) [[GIŠ.BAR]].
** = <sup>d</sup>GIŠ.BAR


dBIL.GI,
'''Referring to'''
dNE.GI,
dGIBIL6;
= dGirru; the star of the fire god Girra:


Referring to
* 1) = Mars,
 
* 2) = Mercury,
1) = Mars,
* 3) = star or constellation (?) [G. 95; Tallqvist 1938, 313-315].
2) = Mercury,
3) = star or constellation (?) [G. 95; Tallqvist 1938, 313-315].


=== Sources and Identifications ===
=== Sources and Identifications ===
Line 53: Line 47:
* <sup>múl</sup>AN <sup>d</sup>BIL.GI ''ez-zu''... "Mars, the wrathful Girra ..." [RAcc 138, 153:308; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Cuneiform Monographs 25. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220:308].
* <sup>múl</sup>AN <sup>d</sup>BIL.GI ''ez-zu''... "Mars, the wrathful Girra ..." [RAcc 138, 153:308; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Cuneiform Monographs 25. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220:308].
* W. 22281a.
* W. 22281a.
** <sup>d</sup>BIL.GI ZALAG<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>''-ra'' "The brilliant (fiery) Girra before Enmesharra" [SpTU I, 95:10ʹ]; for full text see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]].
** <sup>d</sup>BIL.GI ZALAG<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>''-ra'' "The brilliant (fiery) Girra before Enmešarra" [SpTU I, 95:10ʹ]; for full text see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]].
* List K 7069:  
* List K 7069:  
** <sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR.R[A ...] / <sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR.RA[...] / MUL.MUL ''za-ap-pu'' [...] / <sup>mul</sup>BIL.GI IZI. GAR [...] / <sup>[m]ul</sup>ŠUDUN M[UL...] / <sup>[m]ul</sup>''ka-li-tum'' [...]
** <sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR.R[A ...] / <sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR.RA[...] / MUL.MUL ''za-ap-pu'' [...] / <sup>mul</sup>BIL.GI IZI. GAR [...] / <sup>[m]ul</sup>ŠUDUN M[UL...] / <sup>[m]ul</sup>''ka-li-tum'' [...]
** "Enmešarr[a...] / Enmešarra [...] / Stars, Stubble / Girra, light [...] / Yoke, S[tar...] / Kidney [...]" [CT 26, 49:4-9; Cooley 2013, 126]
** "Enmešarr[a...] / Enmešarra [...] / Star cluster, bristle / Girra, light [...] / Yoke, S[tar...] / Kidney [...]" [CT 26, 49:4-9; Cooley 2013, 126]
|
|
* Mars
* Mars
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In the list of astral gods:
In the list of astral gods:


* ''na-wa-ru-um'' <sup>d</sup>BIL.GI "Brilliant Hirra" (Erm. 15642:15) [Horowitz 2000, 196-197] (better ''na-aw-ru-um'' - remark of L. E. Kogan),
* ''na-wa-ru-um'' <sup>d</sup>BIL.GI "Brilliant Girra" (Erm. 15642:15) [Horowitz 2000, 196-197] (better ''na-aw-ru-um'' - remark of L. E. Kogan),
* ''nam-ru'' <sup>d</sup>BIL:GI "Brilliant Hirra" (AO 6769:16) [Dossin 1935, 181-182], ''šam-ru'' <sup>d</sup>BIL:[GI] "Ferocious Hir[ra]" (CBS 574) [Horowitz 1996, 58].
* ''nam-ru'' <sup>d</sup>BIL:GI "Brilliant Girra" (AO 6769:16) [Dossin 1935, 181-182], ''šam-ru'' <sup>d</sup>BIL:[GI] "Ferocious Gir[ra]" (CBS 574) [Horowitz 1996, 58].
|
|
|-
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46 1:14.'''
|'''List of stars VR 46 1:14.'''
* <sup>mul</sup>giš.bar zalag<sub>2</sub> igi <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' <sup>d</sup>Nusku(PA + TUG<sub>2</sub>)
* <sup>mul</sup>giš.bar zalag<sub>2</sub> igi <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' <sup>d</sup>Nusku(PA + TUG<sub>2</sub>)
* "Girra, the light ahead of Enmesharra, Nusku" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
* "Girra, light ahead of Enmešarra, Nusku" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|
|-
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* <sup>d</sup>BIL:GI ZALAG ša<sub>2</sub> IGI <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra''
* <sup>d</sup>BIL:GI ZALAG ''ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra''
* "Brilliant Girra that is ahead of Enmesharra," see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]].
* "Brilliant Girra that is ahead of Enmešarra," see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]].


See also: <sup>mul</sup>''ma-ak-ru-u'' = ''tam-šil'' <sup>d</sup>GIŠ.BAR "The red star(=Mars) is in the likeness of Hirra", quoted from [CAD M/1, 139a].
See also: <sup>mul</sup>''ma-ak-ru-u'' = ''tam-šil'' <sup>d</sup>GIŠ.BAR "The red star(=Mars) is in the likeness of Girra", quoted from [CAD M/1, 139a].
|
|
|}
|}
Line 90: Line 84:


==== Deity. ====
==== Deity. ====
         Hybil or Hyrra — an ancient fire deity, his name is already mentioned in the lists of the gods from Farah (XXVI c. BC) [Krebernik 1986, 177, IX 21; 189 SF 5-6:3]. He was considered the son of Anu and the goddess Shala, a messenger of Nusku that embodied fire in all its manifestations, both destructive and creative. Among his epithets are <sup>d</sup>Giš.bar.an.na "heavenly fire" [Litke 1998, 107, II 336], namru "shining, shining", zalag<sub>2</sub> "light" (see above) and others, indicating his connection with the sky and probably having astral significance [Tallqvist 1938, 314]. Hirra and Nusku are characterized as tap-pi-e Šamši(20) "satellites of the sun" in [CT 25, 50:16]. Hildegard and Julius Lewy argue for identifying these gods with Mercury as the evening and morning star respectively [Lewy 1948].
         Gibil or Girra — an ancient fire deity, his name is already mentioned in the lists of the gods from Farah (XXVI c. BC) [Krebernik 1986, 177, IX 21; 189 SF 5-6:3]. He was considered the son of Anu and the goddess Šala, a messenger of Nusku that embodied fire in all its manifestations, both destructive and creative. Among his epithets are <sup>d</sup>Giš.bar.an.na "heavenly fire" [Litke 1998, 107, II 336], ''namru'' "shining, shining", zalag<sub>2</sub> "light" (see above) and others, indicating his connection with the sky and probably having astral significance [Tallqvist 1938, 314]. Girra and Nusku are characterized as ''tap-pi-e'' ''Šamši''(20) "satellites of the sun" in [CT 25, 50:16]. Hildegard and Julius Lewy argue for identifying these gods with Mercury as the evening and morning star respectively [Lewy 1948].


==== Previous Identifications. ====
==== Previous Identifications. ====
Line 101: Line 95:
         As a star:
         As a star:


         = "light before Enmesharra," see VR 46 1:14 star list and text W. 22281a. Here, it may refer here to a fixed star or constellation, since its relative position to the Enmesharra constellation is indicated. But it is also possible that it meant to mention only one of the above planets.
         = "light before Enmešarra," see VR 46 1:14 star list and text W. 22281a. Here, it may refer here to a fixed star or constellation, since its relative position to the Enmešarra constellation is indicated. But it is also possible that it meant to mention only one of the above planets.


==Historical Dictionaries==
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g13)
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, g13) ===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
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|-
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|Example
|Example
|-
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!Kurtik (2022, g21)
!
=== Kurtik (2022, g21) ===
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Latest revision as of 13:51, 27 June 2026


Authors: Susanne M Hoffmann, Wayne Horowitz, Hermann Hunger

Girra is the Mesopotamian fire-god who has an astronomical aspect both as an independent asterism as in the Old Babylonian narrative 'Girra and Elamatum' [[add bibliography link??]], and by way of identifications with other asterisms including Mars ????.

  1. mulGIŠ.BAR (𒀯𒄑𒁇) is an ancient Mesopotamian term, see also (Kurtik n55) Nusku.
  2. mulGIBIL6 (𒀯𒉈𒄀) is the astral manifestation of the Sumero-Akkadian fire-god Girra. In Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, Girra is an independent constellation which may also be the case in the contemporary myth 'Girra and Elamatum' when complete. Later, Girra becomes identified with Mars because of the planet's fiery red-orange color (see Horowitz 2020: 142-143). 

???Probably to be added NE.GI.IZI,GAR = N13???

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

Var. readings:

  • (1)
    • dBIL.GI,
    • dNE.GI,
    • dGIBIL6;
    • = dGirru; the star of the fire god Girra:
  • (2) epithet of Mars, see also (Kurtik g13) GIŠ.BAR.
    • = dGIŠ.BAR

Referring to

  • 1) = Mars,
  • 2) = Mercury,
  • 3) = star or constellation (?) [G. 95; Tallqvist 1938, 313-315].

Sources and Identifications

Sources Identifications

Kurtik (g13) GIBIL6
"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."

Old Babylonian prayer:

  • (a) Erm. 15642: na-wa-ru-um dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra." [Horowitz 2000[2], 196-197:15], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935[3], 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
  • (b) AO 6769: nam-ru dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra." [Dossin 1935, 181-182:16; Horowitz and Wasserman 1996[4], 60],
  • (c) CBS 574: šam-ru dGIB[IL6] "Fierce Gir[ra]" [Horowitz and Wasserman 1996[4], 58:13].
 constellation
Seleucid temple ritual.
  • múlAN dBIL.GI ez-zu... "Mars, the wrathful Girra ..." [RAcc 138, 153:308; Linssen 2004[5], 220:308].
  • W. 22281a.
    • dBIL.GI ZALAG2 ša2 IGI dEn-me-šar2-ra "The brilliant (fiery) Girra before Enmešarra" [SpTU I, 95:10ʹ]; for full text see (Kurtik h12) lúḪUN.GA2.
  • List K 7069:
    • dEN.ME.ŠAR.R[A ...] / dEN.ME.ŠAR.RA[...] / MUL.MUL za-ap-pu [...] / mulBIL.GI IZI. GAR [...] / [m]ulŠUDUN M[UL...] / [m]ulka-li-tum [...]
    • "Enmešarr[a...] / Enmešarra [...] / Star cluster, bristle / Girra, light [...] / Yoke, S[tar...] / Kidney [...]" [CT 26, 49:4-9; Cooley 2013, 126]
  • Mars
  • double star cluster h+χ Per
  • double star cluster h+χ Per

Kurtik (g21) mulGIŠ.BAR
Prayers to the Gods of the Night.

In the list of astral gods:

  • na-wa-ru-um dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra" (Erm. 15642:15) [Horowitz 2000, 196-197] (better na-aw-ru-um - remark of L. E. Kogan),
  • nam-ru dBIL:GI "Brilliant Girra" (AO 6769:16) [Dossin 1935, 181-182], šam-ru dBIL:[GI] "Ferocious Gir[ra]" (CBS 574) [Horowitz 1996, 58].
List of stars VR 46 1:14.
  • mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi dEn-me-šar2-ra dNusku(PA + TUG2)
  • "Girra, light ahead of Enmešarra, Nusku" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
Text W. 22281a.
  • dBIL:GI ZALAG ša2 IGI dEn-me-šar2-ra
  • "Brilliant Girra that is ahead of Enmešarra," see (Kurtik h12) lúḪUN.GA2.

See also: mulma-ak-ru-u = tam-šil dGIŠ.BAR "The red star(=Mars) is in the likeness of Girra", quoted from [CAD M/1, 139a].

         Cooley 2013: 126-129 discusses the astronomical myth 'Girra and Elamatum,' and what must be the related commentary of some sort K. 7609.

Additional

Deity.

         Gibil or Girra — an ancient fire deity, his name is already mentioned in the lists of the gods from Farah (XXVI c. BC) [Krebernik 1986, 177, IX 21; 189 SF 5-6:3]. He was considered the son of Anu and the goddess Šala, a messenger of Nusku that embodied fire in all its manifestations, both destructive and creative. Among his epithets are dGiš.bar.an.na "heavenly fire" [Litke 1998, 107, II 336], namru "shining, shining", zalag2 "light" (see above) and others, indicating his connection with the sky and probably having astral significance [Tallqvist 1938, 314]. Girra and Nusku are characterized as tap-pi-e Šamši(20) "satellites of the sun" in [CT 25, 50:16]. Hildegard and Julius Lewy argue for identifying these gods with Mercury as the evening and morning star respectively [Lewy 1948].

Previous Identifications.

         As a planet:

         = Mars as the Red Star, see (Kurtik m03) dMakrû.

         = Mercury as the evening star, cf. [Lewy 1948].

         As a star:

         = "light before Enmešarra," see VR 46 1:14 star list and text W. 22281a. Here, it may refer here to a fixed star or constellation, since its relative position to the Enmešarra constellation is indicated. But it is also possible that it meant to mention only one of the above planets.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, g13)

 Gössmann (1950)
вар. чтения: dBIL.GI, dNE.GI; = dGIŠ.BAR; = dGirru, бог огня Гирру/Гирра; 1) звезда или созвездие, 2) эпитет Марса, см. также g13GIŠ.BAR.

I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Старовавилонская молитва: а) Erm. 15642: na-wa-ru-um dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:15], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306], b). AO 6769: nam-ru dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» [Dossin 1935, 181–182:16; Horowitz 1996, 60], c) CBS 574: šam-ru dGIB[IL6] «Свирепый Гир[ра]» [Horowitz–Wasserman 1996, 58:13]. Селевкидский храмовый ритуал. múlAN dBIL:GI ez-zu… «Марс, гневный Гирра …» [RAcc 138, 153:308; Linssen 2004, 220:308]. W. 22281a. dBIL:GI ZALAG2 ša2 IGI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Блестящий (огненный) Гирра перед Энмешаррой» [SpTU I, 95:10ʹ]; полный текст см. h12lúḪUN.GA2. Список K 7069: dEN.ME.ŠAR.R[A …] / dEN.ME.ŠAR.RA[…] / MUL.MUL za-ap-pu […] / mulBIL.GI IZI.GAR […] / [m]ulŠUDUN M[UL…] / [m]ulka-li-tum […] «Энмешарр[а …] / Энмешарра […] / Звезды, Щетина / Гирра, свет […] / Ярмо, З[везда…] / Почка […]» [CT 26, 49:4–9; Cooley 2013, 126]

Отождествление Гирры с созвездием Небесный Бык см. [Cooley 2013, 126–129].

Example

Kurtik (2022, g21)
вар.: dBIL.GI, dNE.GI, dGIBIL6; = dGirru; звезда бога огня Гирры: 1) = Марс, 2) = Меркурий, 3) = звезда или созвездие (?) [G. 95; Tallqvist 1938, 313–315].

I. Источники.

Молитва ночным богам. В списке астральных богов: na-wa-ru-um dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» (Erm. 15642:15) [Horowitz 2000, 196–197] (лучше na-aw-ru-um — замечание Л.Е.Когана), nam-ru dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» (AO 6769:16) [Dossin 1935, 181–182], šam-ru dBIL:[GI] «Свирепый Гир[ра]» (CBS 574) [Horowitz 1996, 58]. Список звезд VR 46 1:14. mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi dEn-me-šar2-ra dNusku(PA + TUG2) «Гирра, свет, что впереди Энмешарры, Нуску» [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Текст W. 22281a. dBIL:GI ZALAG ša2 IGI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Блестящий Гирра, что впереди Энмешарры», см. h12lúḪUN.GA2. См. также: mulma-ak-ru-u = tam-šil dGIŠ.BAR «Красная звезда(=Марс) — подобие Гирры», цит. по [CAD M/1, 139a].

II. Божество.

Гибил, или Гирра – древнее божество огня, его имя встречается уже в списках богов из Фары (XXVI в. до н.э.) [Krebernik 1986, 177, IX 21; 189 SF 5–6:3]. Считался сыном Ану и богини Шалы, посланником Нуску и олицетворял огонь во всех его проявлениях, как разрушительных, так и созидательных. Среди его эпитетов: dGiš.bar.an.na «Небесный огонь» [Litke 1998, 107, II 336], namru «блестящий, сияющий», zalag2 «свет» (см. выше) и др., указывающие на его связь с небом и, возможно, астральное значение [Tallqvist 1938, 314]. Гирра и Нуску характеризуются как tap-pi-e Šamši(20) «спутники Солнца» в [CT 25, 50:16]. Хильдегард и Юлиус Леви приводят аргументы в пользу отождествления этих богов с Меркурием соответственно как с вечерней и утренней звездой [Lewy 1948].

III. Отождествления.

Как планета:

= Марс как Красная звезда, см. m03dMakrû.

= Меркурий как вечерняя звезда, см. [Lewy 1948].

Как звезда:

= «свет перед Энмешаррой», см. список звезд VR 46 1:14 и текст W. 22281a. Речь в данном случае может идти о неподвижной звезде или созвездии, поскольку указано его положение относительно созвездия Энмешарра, однако, возможно, что и здесь имеется в виду лишь одна из указанных выше планет.

References

  1. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  2. ↑ Horowitz W. Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206
  3. ↑ Dossin G. Prières aux “Dieux de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA 32, № 4, 179-190.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Horowitz  W.,  Wasserman  N.  Another  Old  Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night // JCS. 1996. Vol. 48. P. 57- 60.
  5. ↑ Linssen, Marc J.H. The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Cuneiform Monographs 25. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.
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