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Created page with "<sup>mul</sup>IR.BI4.IL is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. ==Dictionary== === Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim === [G. 88, 230], the name of Saturn and Libra. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Sources !Identifications |- |'''Lexic. texts.''' (1) Series Ḫg. B VI: <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul kit-tu<sub>2</sub> u me-šar = <sup>d</sup>sag.uš <sup>d</sup>utu "Star gi.gi = Star of truth and justice = Saturn, Shamash" [MSL XI, 40:39], later parallel: <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi..."
 
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<sup>mul</sup>IR.BI4.IL is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
{{DISPLAYTITLE:IR.BI<sub>4</sub>.IL}}
==Dictionary==
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
----
[G. 88, 230], the name of Saturn and Libra.
<sup>mul</sup>IR.BI<sub>4</sub>.IL (𒀯𒅕𒁁𒅋) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, referring to the planet Mars.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
(1) Series Ḫg. B VI: <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul kit-tu<sub>2</sub> u me-šar = <sup>d</sup>sag.uš <sup>d</sup>utu "Star gi.gi = Star of truth and justice = Saturn, Shamash" [MSL XI, 40:39], later parallel: <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul kit-[tu<sub>2</sub> ...] [SpTU III, 116: Rs. iii 8]. (2) mulgi.[gi...] [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; according to Koch's interpretation, text K.12619 ii 4-6: <sup>mul</sup>GI-[GI...] / kakkab kit-ti [u mi-ša-ri] / MUL MI <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>zi-ba-an-na] "Star GI.GI = Star of truth and justice = Dark star = Star of Libra" [Koch 1989, 60-61]. Planisphere K. 8538. In sector 6 the inscription: ˹<sup>mul</sup>GI-GI˺ and the figure of Libra(?) [Koch 1989, 59; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9].
|
|}


=== Additional ===
[I don't think that this is a name, and if so, it has to be read differently. The line is crossed by a break which makes reading difficult. there has to be a verb before ANŠE.KUR.RA. MUL at the beginning may be subject, so "If a star ...", and the following signs the verb. Or we have an unread star name, followed by an unread verb. The commenting in the second part of the line refers to Mars, so its name may be hidden in the signs of the beginning, but they are not related to ''Ṣal-bat-a-nu.'' There is a transliteration in eBL under K.2329 which doubts the reading of ACh. The photo in CDLI is the same as in eBL.]
         '''II. Identification.'''


         (1) = Saturn;
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[G. 201]; apparently one of the epithets of Mars; only in prediction: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>IR.BI<sub>4</sub>.IL<sup>(?)</sup> ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu u''<sub>2</sub>-''tan-na''-[''at''] "When Irbil<sup>?</sup> (observed): horses die; (this happens when) the brilliance of Mars wanes" [ACh Ištar, 30:44]. Could this be a reference to Mars being Ishtar of the Assyrian city Irbil = Erbella - if yes why Mars and not Venus? '''<nowiki>[[need to collate?? - check in cdli for tablet??? ??]]</nowiki>'''


         (2) = constellation Librae = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, according to [Koch 1989, 79].
{{Template:Mars}}
 
         '''III. Astrology.'''
 
         (1) The Star of Truth has weakened; DIŠ MUL ki-tu<sub>4</sub> ŠER<sub>2</sub>.ŠER<sub>2</sub> KUR ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu [...] "If the Star of Truth weakens: the country, of mercy and peace [...]" [ACh Ištar, 25:26].
 
         (2) The Star of Truth approaches the Crown of Anu; [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u<sub>4</sub> a-na <sup>mul</sup>AGA.AN.NA TE <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ ina ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA KUR-ma "[If the Star of Truth] approaches the Crown of Anu, (this means): Saturn appears in the middle of the Celestial Bull." [ACh Ištar, 30:20].


== Historical Dictionaries ==  
== Historical Dictionaries ==  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, i14)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)  
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)  
|-
|-
| [G. 88, 230], название Сатурна и Весов.
| [G. 201]; по-видимому, один из эпитетов Марса; только в предсказании: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>IR.BI<sub>4</sub>.IL<sup>(?)</sup> ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ <sup>d</sup>Ṣal-bat-a-nu u<sub>2</sub>-tan-na-[at] «Когда  Ирбил<sup>?</sup> (наблюдается): лошади умирают; (это происходит, когда) блеск Марса ослабевает» [ACh Ištar, 30:44].
I. Источники.
 
Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul kit-tu<sub>2</sub> u me-šar = <sup>d</sup>sag.uš <sup>d</sup>utu «Звезда gi.gi = Звезда правды и справедливости = Сатурн, Шамаш» [MSL XI, 40:39],  поздняя параллель: <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul kit-[tu<sub>2</sub> …] [SpTU III, 116: Rs. iii 8]. (2) <sup>mul</sup>gi.[gi…] [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; согласно интерпретации Коха, текст K.12619 ii 4-6: <sup>mul</sup>GI-[GI…] / kakkab kit-ti [u mi-ša-ri] / MUL MI <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>zi-ba-an-na] «Звезда GI.GI = Звезда правды и справедливости = Темная звезда = Звезда Весы» [Koch 1989, 60–61]. Планисферa K. 8538. В секторе 6 надпись: ˹<sup>mul</sup>GI-GI˺ и изображение фигуры Весов(?) [Koch 1989, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9].
 
II. Отождествление.
 
(1)  = Сатурн;
 
(2)  = созвездие Весы = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, согласно [Koch 1989, 79].
 
III. Астрология.
 
(1) Звезда Правды ослабела; DIŠ MUL ki-tu<sub>4</sub> ŠER<sub>2</sub>.ŠER<sub>2</sub> KUR ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu […] «Если Звезда Правды ослабела: странa милосердие и мир […]» [ACh Ištar, 25:26].
 
(2) Звезда Правды приближается к Короне Ану; [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u<sub>4</sub> a-na <sup>mul</sup>AGA.AN.NA TE <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ ina ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA KUR-ma «[Если Звезда Прав]ды к Короне Ану приближается, (это означает): Сатурн в середине Небесного Быка появляется» [ACh Ištar, 30:20].
| Example
| Example
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[[Category:Mesopotamian]]  
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]  
[[Category:Sumerian]]  
[[Category:Sumerian]]  
[[Category:West Asian]]  
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]
[[Category:4workWayne]]

Latest revision as of 15:31, 17 July 2026

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Hermann Hunger, Susanne M Hoffmann, Wayne Horowitz, Youla Azkarrula

mulIR.BI4.IL (𒀯𒅕𒁁𒅋) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, referring to the planet Mars.

[I don't think that this is a name, and if so, it has to be read differently. The line is crossed by a break which makes reading difficult. there has to be a verb before ANŠE.KUR.RA. MUL at the beginning may be subject, so "If a star ...", and the following signs the verb. Or we have an unread star name, followed by an unread verb. The commenting in the second part of the line refers to Mars, so its name may be hidden in the signs of the beginning, but they are not related to Ṣal-bat-a-nu. There is a transliteration in eBL under K.2329 which doubts the reading of ACh. The photo in CDLI is the same as in eBL.]

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

[G. 201]; apparently one of the epithets of Mars; only in prediction: DIŠ mulIR.BI4.IL(?) ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ dṢal-bat-a-nu u2-tan-na-[at] "When Irbil? (observed): horses die; (this happens when) the brilliance of Mars wanes" [ACh Ištar, 30:44]. Could this be a reference to Mars being Ishtar of the Assyrian city Irbil = Erbella - if yes why Mars and not Venus? [[need to collate?? - check in cdli for tablet??? ??]]


Images of Mars

  • Close Conjunction of Jupiter (brighter) and Mars (reddish) under Orion (upper right), seen from Cape Town (SMH 2024)
    Close Conjunction of Jupiter (brighter) and Mars (reddish) under Orion (upper right), seen from Cape Town (SMH 2024)
  • Closest Conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 2024 (Cape Town, SMH).
    Closest Conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 2024 (Cape Town, SMH).
  • Jupiter, Mars and Pleiades at Dawn (SMH 2024).
    Jupiter, Mars and Pleiades at Dawn (SMH 2024).
  • Jupiter, Mars, Pleiaden in a slightly cloudy morning twilight (SMH 2024).
    Jupiter, Mars, Pleiaden in a slightly cloudy morning twilight (SMH 2024).
  • Mars in the constellation Gemini, The Twins (SMH January 2025).
    Mars in the constellation Gemini, The Twins (SMH January 2025).
  • Mars in the constellation Gemini, The Twins (SMH February 2025).
    Mars in the constellation Gemini, The Twins (SMH February 2025).
  • Mars extremly close to epsilon Geminorum (14 April 2023), seen from Petra, Jordan (SMH).
    Mars extremly close to epsilon Geminorum (14 April 2023), seen from Petra, Jordan (SMH).
  • One day after the close conjunction of Mars with epsilon Geminorum; seen from Petra, Jordan (SMH 2023). The planet then had a visible separation from the star.
    One day after the close conjunction of Mars with epsilon Geminorum; seen from Petra, Jordan (SMH 2023). The planet then had a visible separation from the star.
  • Mars in the Open Star Cluster Praesepe (M44) in Cancer (2023)
    Mars in the Open Star Cluster Praesepe (M44) in Cancer (2023)
  • Mars next to a tower in Central Europe: its reddish colour is extraordinarily obvious (SMH 2025).
    Mars next to a tower in Central Europe: its reddish colour is extraordinarily obvious (SMH 2025).
  • Mars two moon widths next to the Moon, photograph at full moon taken through a window in order to produce a dimmer image of the full moon next to Mars: the planet is at the right edge of the Moon. (SMH January 2025).
    Mars two moon widths next to the Moon, photograph at full moon taken through a window in order to produce a dimmer image of the full moon next to Mars: the planet is at the right edge of the Moon. (SMH January 2025).

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, i14) Gössmann (1950)
[G. 201]; по-видимому, один из эпитетов Марса; только в предсказании: DIŠ mulIR.BI4.IL(?) ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ dṢal-bat-a-nu u2-tan-na-[at] «Когда  Ирбил? (наблюдается): лошади умирают; (это происходит, когда) блеск Марса ослабевает» [ACh Ištar, 30:44]. Example

References

  1. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
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