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[[File:RiversPlt labelled.jpg|thumb|The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).]]
[[File:RiversPlt labelled.jpg|thumb|The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).]]
<sup>mul íd</sup>BURANUN (𒀯𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣) = ''purattu'' is a is a set of stars in the western portion of the [[Pisces]] and [[Pegasus]] (Psc + Peg) that is identified with the Euphrates River. The association of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers with the two Babylonian asterisms that comprise modern Pisces, [[Anunitu|Anunitum]] for the Euphrates and ‘The Swallow,’ for the Tigris, derives from a sense that the shape of the Tigris and Euphrates river system on Earth in Babylonia, two diverging lines that meet at their middle, mirrors that of a swallow-tail in the sky (see figure, [[SIM.MAḪ]]). Thus, the canal systems of southern Babylonia, which connect the two rivers can be thought of as parallel on earth to the knot that ties the asterism of the two tails in the heavens. For ‘[[Anunitu|Anunitum]],’ the Euphrates’ constellation connected with fish and aquatic themes see [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, pp. 42-43].  A similar connection is known for the city of Babylon itself and <sup>mul</sup>[[IKU|iku,]] 'The Field' in [[Pegasus]].  
<sup>mul íd</sup>BURANUN (𒀯𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣) = ''purattu'' is a is a set of stars in the western portion of the [[Pisces]] and [[Pegasus]] (Psc + Peg) that is identified with the Euphrates River. The association of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers with the two Babylonian asterisms that comprise modern Pisces, [[Anunitu|Anunitum]] for the Euphrates and ‘The Swallow,’ for the Tigris, derives from a sense that the shape of the Tigris and Euphrates river system on Earth in Babylonia, two diverging lines that meet at their middle, mirrors that of a swallow-tail in the sky (see figure, [[SIM.MAḪ]]). Thus, the canal systems of southern Babylonia, which connect the two rivers can be thought of as parallel on earth to the knot that ties the asterism of the two tails in the heavens. For ‘[[Anunitu|Anunitum]],’ the Euphrates’ constellation connected with fish and aquatic themes see [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, pp. 42-43].  A similar connection concerning shapes in the sky and shapes on earth is known for the Esagil temple in Babylon and <sup>mul</sup>[[IKU|iku,]] 'The Field' in [[Pegasus]] '''(see Hoffmann and Horowitz 2023: 142-143).'''


==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
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|-
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866ː [MU]L.MEŠ <sup>íd</sup>IDIGNA ''u'' <sup>íd</sup>BURANUN<sup>ki</sup> ''ina ṣip-ri'' <sup>mul</sup>ZIB<sup><me></sup>  
* MLC 1866ː [MU]L.MEŠ <sup>íd</sup>IDIGNA ''u'' <sup>íd</sup>BURANUN<sup>ki</sup> ''ina ṣip-ri'' <sup>mul</sup>ZIB<sup><me></sup>, "The stars of the Tigris and the Euphrates at the tip of the Tails" (D i 8) [Beaulieu et al.<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 2018, 35, 39, Section A].
* "The stars of the Tigris and the Euphrates at the tip of the Tails" (D i 8) [Beaulieu et al.<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 2018, 35, 39, Section A].
|}
|}
The identification of the Tigris and Euphrates appears quite late, not earlier than the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE, as it is absent in Urra XXII. See also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].
The identification of the Tigris and Euphrates appears quite late, not earlier than the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE, as it is absent in Urra XXII. See also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].
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==References==
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]][[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]][[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]][[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Psc]]
[[Category:Psc]] [[Category:Peg]]

Latest revision as of 01:00, 16 May 2026

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Wayne Horowitz, Susanne M Hoffmann, Youla Azkarrula, Jan Safford

The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).

mul ídBURANUN (𒀯𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣) = purattu is a is a set of stars in the western portion of the Pisces and Pegasus (Psc + Peg) that is identified with the Euphrates River. The association of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers with the two Babylonian asterisms that comprise modern Pisces, Anunitum for the Euphrates and ‘The Swallow,’ for the Tigris, derives from a sense that the shape of the Tigris and Euphrates river system on Earth in Babylonia, two diverging lines that meet at their middle, mirrors that of a swallow-tail in the sky (see figure, SIM.MAḪ). Thus, the canal systems of southern Babylonia, which connect the two rivers can be thought of as parallel on earth to the knot that ties the asterism of the two tails in the heavens. For ‘Anunitum,’ the Euphrates’ constellation connected with fish and aquatic themes see [Beaulieu et al. 2018[1], pp. 42-43]. A similar connection concerning shapes in the sky and shapes on earth is known for the Esagil temple in Babylon and muliku, 'The Field' in Pegasus (see Hoffmann and Horowitz 2023: 142-143).

Concordance, Etymology, History[2]

Var. reading:

  • mul ídUD.KIB.NUN.KI;
  • = Purattu "Euphrates" [Gössmann[3], 53]
Sources Identifications
Lexical texts.Series Ḫg. B VI:
  • mul ídburanun = si-nun-tum = [...] "Euphrates = Swallow." [MSL XI[4], 40:23].
Stellarium map
Psc-And-area with two rivers overlay to Anunitu + Swallow (SMH 2025)
"The Great Star List".
  • (1) mul ídburanun = mulšim.maḫ "Euphrates = Swallow";
  • (2) egir.meš-tum = ídburanunki "Rear (Crab stars) = Euphrates";
  • (3) astrological predictions (see Kurtik a18 AL.LUL) [Mesop.Astrol.[5], App. B:147, 149, 152; Weidner 1959-60[6], 107].
Animation: The two Mesopotamian constellations of Tigris and Euphrates at the position(s) of the (alternative) Mesopotamian constellations of Anunitu and The Swallow. Visualisation by SMH with drawings by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster) on a Stellarium map.
List of stars VR 46, 1:34.
  • mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mulŠi-nu-nu-tu4 = ídidigna u ídburanun
  • "Anunitu and the Swallow = Tigris and Euphrates" [HBA[7] 52:34; Wee 2016[8], 162-3:34].
Uranologies
  • MLC 1866ː [MU]L.MEŠ ídIDIGNA u ídBURANUNki ina ṣip-ri mulZIB<me>, "The stars of the Tigris and the Euphrates at the tip of the Tails" (D i 8) [Beaulieu et al.[9], 2018, 35, 39, Section A].

The identification of the Tigris and Euphrates appears quite late, not earlier than the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE, as it is absent in Urra XXII. See also (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik s19) SIM.MAḪ.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, b12) Gössmann (1950)
вар. чтения: mul ídUD.KIB.NUN.KI; = Purattu «Евфрат» [Gössmann 1950, 53]; созвездие в западной части Рыб и Пегаса (Pisces + Pegasus).

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ḫg. B VI: mul ídburanun = si-nun-tum = […] «Евфрат = Ласточка» [MSL XI, 40:23]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mul ídburanun = mulšim.maḫ «Евфрат = Ласточка»; (2) egir.meš-tum = ídburanunki «Задние (звезды Краба) = Евфрат»; (3) астрологическое предсказание (см. a18AL.LIL) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:147, 149, 152; Weidner 1959–60, 107]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:34. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mulŠi-nu-nu-tuˆ = ídidigna u ídburanun «Ануниту и Ласточка = Тигр и Евфрат» [HBA 52:34; Wee 2016, 162–3:34]. MLC 1866. [MU]L.MEŠ ídIDIGNA u ídBURANUNki ina ṣip-ri mulZIB<me> «Звезды Тигр и Евфрат на острие Хвостов» (D i 8) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 35, 39, Section A].

Название появилось достаточно поздно, не ранее начала I тыс. до н.э., поскольку оно отсутствует в Urra XXII.

Cм. также a18AL.LUL, s19SIM.MAḪ.

Example

References

  1. ↑ Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
  2. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  3. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  4. ↑ Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
  5. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  6. ↑ Weidner  E.  Ein  astrologischer  Sammeltext  aus  der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.
  7. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  8. ↑ Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.
  9. ↑ Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
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