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* (5) <sup>mul</sup>gi<sub>6</sub> [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 6].
* (5) <sup>mul</sup>gi<sub>6</sub> [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 6].
|
|
* (1)  
* (1) ???
* (2)  
* (2) For Mars the change of brightness is observable with the naked eye.
* (3) and (4). The "=" is not written on the tablet but an interpretation by an Assyriologist, which I consider wrong. I prefer the reading "the dark constellation Libra: ...". In case of (3) this would mean that Mercury is in Libra.  
* (3) and (4). The "=" is not written on the tablet but an interpretation by an Assyriologist, which I consider wrong. I prefer the reading "the dark constellation Libra: ...". In case of (3) this could mean that Mercury is in Libra.
* (5) no identification possible  
* (5) only a term, no identification possible
|-
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|'''EAE.'''  
|'''EAE.'''  

Revision as of 09:34, 10 June 2026

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Susanne M Hoffmann, Jan Safford, Wayne Horowitz, Hermann Hunger, Youla Azkarrula

mulGI6 (𒀯𒈪), 'the Dark or Black-star' is used for both the planets Mercury and Saturn. Mercury and Saturn are the two hardest planets to find and identify with the naked eye.

Both planets are brighter than most of the stars which makes the term unjustified by observation.

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

Var. readings:

  • mulGIG2,
  • mulMI;
  • = ṣalmu "dark star";
  • the name of Saturn and Mercury [Gössmann 1950[2], 86].
Sources Identifications
Lexical texts.

Series Ḫg. B VI:

  • (1)
    • mulgi6 = ANṣa-al-meDUL3 = MIN(=dSAG.UŠ dUTU)
    • "Dark star = Shade = Saturn, (star) of the Sun". [MSL XI, 40:40; LAS 2, 343].
  • (2)
    • mulgi6 = MUL ṣal-[me...] [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 9].
  • (3)
    • mulgi6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud
    • "Dark star = Saturn = Mercury" [II R, 57, 59 a, b; Gössmann 1950,[2] 86].
  • (4) [mul]gi6 = dzi-[ba-ni-tu4] [CT 26, 41, K.11283:4; HBA, 22].
  • (5) mulgi6 [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 6].
  • (1) ???
  • (2) For Mars the change of brightness is observable with the naked eye.
  • (3) and (4). The "=" is not written on the tablet but an interpretation by an Assyriologist, which I consider wrong. I prefer the reading "the dark constellation Libra: ...". In case of (3) this could mean that Mercury is in Libra.
  • (5) only a term, no identification possible
EAE.

See. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 21′; NSAM 2, 248].

"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".
  • ulgi6 = dpap.sukkal [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:169].

See also:

  • MUL.MI: Zi-ba-ni-tu2 "Dark star = Libra" [NSAM 2, 105, IVb: r. 3], MULx.MI: Zi-ba-ni-tu4 [ibid. 107, IVc:19];
  • [m]ulMI: dUD[U.IDIM.SAG.U]Š: MI: ṣa-la-mu: mul4KASKAL.UTU "Dark (star) = Saturn, MI = 'dark' = (star) Path of the Sun" [SpTU I, 84:16]. See [SpTU II, 42 r.10; SpTU V, 264 r. 2].

 Additional

Identification.

         (1) = Saturn; see above, also III 2.

         (2) = Mercury; mulge6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Dark star = Libra = Mercury" [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 6], see also [NSAM 2, Text IVb r. 3, IVc:19]. In MUL.APIN II i 59 it says about Mercury: MUL BI BE-ma SA5 u ba-il3 BE-ma SIG7 u GI6 "This star is either red and bright or yellow-green and dark" [Hunger & Steele 2019, 81]; dpap.sukkal which is usually identified with Orion (MUL.APIN I ii 2) seems to be Mercury in the "Great Star List and Miscellanea" [Gössmann 86]. The identification with "Libra" may also imply a connection with Saturn, see (Kurtik s10) SAG.UŠ.

         (3) = Libra; see above.

Astrology.

         (1) The Moon and the Dark Starː DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 MUL.MI [...] "If the Moon, at its appearance, (meets) the Dark Star [...]" [NSAM 2, 132, Ve r. 6′]; [...M]UL MI ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB u MU[L...] "The dark [star] stands on its (the Moon's) right horn [...]" [NSAM 2, 159, Vt:4′].

         (2) The Chariot (= Venus) and the Dark Star (= Saturn); see (Kurtik m08) mul (giš)MAR.GID2.DA, eriqqu, VI 7.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, g12) Gössmann (1950)
вар. чтения: mulGIG2, mulMI; = ṣalmu «Темная звезда»; название Сатурна и Меркурия [G. 86].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulgi6 = ANṣa-al-meDUL3 = MIN(=dSAG.UŠ dUTU) «Темная звезда = Статуя = Сатурн, (звезда) Солнца» [MSL XI, 40:40; LAS 2, 343]. (2) mulgi6 = MUL ṣal-[me…] [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 9]. (3) mulgi6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud «Темная звезда = Весы = Меркурий» [II R, 57, 59 a, b; G. 86]. (4) [mul]gi6 = dzi-[ba-ni-tu4] [CT 26, 41, K.11283:4; HBA, 22]. (5) mulgi6 [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 6]. EAE. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 21′; NSAM 2, 248]. «Большой список звезд». ulgi6 = dpap.sukkal [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:169].

См. также: MUL.MI : Zi-ba-ni-tu2 «Темная звезда = Весы» [NSAM 2, 105, IVb: r. 3], MULx.MI : Zi-ba-ni-tu4 [ibid. 107, IVc:19], [m]ulMI : dUD[U.IDIM.SAG.U]Š : MI : ṣa-la-mu : mul4KASKAL.UTU «Темная (звезда) = Сатурн, MI = «темный» = (звезда) Путь Солнца» [SpTU I, 84:16]. См. [SpTU II, 42 r.10; SpTU V, 264 r. 2].

II. Отождествление.

(1) = Сатурн; см. выше, а также III 2.

(2) = Меркурий; mulge6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Темная звезда = Весы = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 6], см также [NSAM 2, Text IVb r. 3, IVc:19]. B MUL.APIN II i 59 о Меркурии сказано: MUL BI BE-ma SA5 u ba-il3 BE-ma SIG7 u GI6 «Эта звезда либо красная и блестящая, либо желто-зеленая и темная» [MA, 84]; dpap.sukkal, который обычно отождествляется с Орионом (MUL.APIN I ii 2), в «Большом списке звезд» обозначает, по-видимому, Меркурий [G. 86]. Отождествление с «Весами» может подразумевать также связь с Сатурном, см. s10SAG.UŠ.

(3) = Весы; см. выше.

III. Астрология.

(1) Луна и Темная звезда; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 MUL.MI […] «Если Луна при своем появлении (встретила) Темную звезду […]» [NSAM 2, 132, Ve r. 6′]; […M]UL MI ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB u MU[L…] «Темная [зв]езда на ее (Луны) правом роге стоит […]» [NSAM 2, 159, Vt:4′].

(2) Колесница (=Венера) и Темная звезда (=Сатурн); см. m08MAR.GID2.DA, VI 7.

(3) Красная планета (= Марс) и Темная звезда (= Сатурн);  см. s04SA5, II 9.

Example

References

  1. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
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