View source for MUL.GAL

{{DISPLAYTITLE:MUL.<sup>(d)</sup>GAL}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
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MUL.<sup>(d)</sup>GAL (𒀯𒀭𒃲), Akkadian ''kakkabu rabû'', 'Great Star'  refers to any celestial object of great luminosity.    
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
= ''kakkabu rabû'' "big celestial object". [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 62]; a term used for celestial objects of particular note, such as great brilliance including meteors, fire-balls (bolides), comets, as well as the moon, planets, and Sirius.
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!Sources
!Identifications
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|The entry in lexical texts listed in Kurtik for Urra XXII is actually broken: [    ] = ''rabû'' in the Ras Shamra parallel to Urra XXII based on an entry canonical  <sup>mul</sup>gu.la = vacat, almost certainly for an Akkadian loan word the asterism [[GU.LA|<sup>mul</sup>GU.LA]].  
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|'''EAE.''' 
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":1">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 61-62, 83: omen 5, 115; Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 655:10, 659:1, 662:4, 663:1; Largement 1957<ref name=":2">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 244:42b, 246:57a, 248:75; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 248; van Soldt<ref name=":3">''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, Texts 24 II e].
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|'''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu''.''' 
See. [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 154:24].
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|'''"Reports."''' 
See. [SAA 8<ref name=":5">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 322: ''kakkabu rabû''].
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|'''"Prophetic Text B."''' 
* DIŠ MUL.GAL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIM GI.IZI.LA<sub>2</sub> ˹TA˺ [...] "If a great star, which is like a torch, (flares up?) from [...]" [Biggs 1987<ref name=":6">''Biggs R.D.'' Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B" / Fs. Reiner. P. 1-14.</ref>, 10: r. 3]. 
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|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."''' 
See. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, passim].
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See also mul ''ra-be''<sub>2</sub>-''e'' [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":7" />, 54:18].

=== Additional ===

==== II. Identification. ====
          (1) = Meteor, bolide, comet; in astrological predictions when describing phenomena observed in the sky; e.g., DIŠ UD.15.KAM AN.MI GAR-''ma ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub>.ḪUL ''it-bal u'' MUL.GAL ŠUB ... "If an eclipse occurs on the 15th day and it disappears in misfortune, and a meteor falls: someone will conquer the king's important city and (captivate) its people ..." (the prediction goes back to the Old Babylonian period) [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":1" />, 115, 125 D ii 5]; DIŠ MUL.GAL ''ul-tu ti-ib'' [IM.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>] / ''a-na ti-ib'' IM.U<sub>18</sub>.LU [SUR-''ma''] / ''mi-ši-iḫ-šu''<sub>2</sub> GIM ''nam-maš-t''[''i'' GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB KUN] "If a meteor [flashes] from the rising [of the north wind] to the rising of the south wind, and its trail has a tail like [that of a scorpion]" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 158:9-11] (possibly referring here to the movement of a comet); 1 KASKAL.GID<sub>2</sub> MI ''it-ta-lak'' / MUL.GAL TA IM.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> / ''a-na'' IM.U<sub>18</sub>.LU / ''iṣ-ṣa-ru-ur''.... "1 "double hour" of the night passed; the meteor sparkled from north to south." [SAA 8, 334:1-4]; [DIŠ] MUL.GAL TA <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub>.[A] / ''ana'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A SUR-''ma'' ŠU<sub>2</sub>-''bi'' / ''u mi-šiḫ-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''mar-ri-ma'' GAR / ERIM-''ni'' KUR<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ME<sub>3</sub> ŠUB-''ut'' "[If] a meteor flashes from the east to the west and sets, and interrupts its trail and (again) restores it: the enemy's troops will be defeated in battle" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 335:1-4]; 2 MUL.GAL.MEŠ / ''ina'' EN.NUN MURUB<sub>4</sub>.BA / EGIR ''a-ḫa-meš'' / ''iṣ-ṣ-ṣar-ru'' "Two meteors flashes into the middle gatekeeper one after the other." [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 335 r. 1-4]; for parallels and other examples see. [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 323 r. 5-7, 335:5-9, 432:1-5, 552:1-3; Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":1" />, 61-62, 83, 115; Largement 1957<ref name=":2" />; Chadwick 1993<ref>''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 62]; DIŠ MUL.GAL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIM GI.IZI.LA<sub>2</sub> ˹TA˺ [...] / ''mi-šiḫ-šu ma-gal da''-ʼ-''im'' "If the Great Star, which is like a torch, is from [...], its radiance is very dark [...]" [Biggs 1987<ref name=":6" />, 10:3-4]. See also: DIŠ ˹MUL˺ [''ina''] ''ka-la'' UD-''mi iṣ-ru-u''[''r''...] "If a star shines all day long [...]" [Biggs 1987<ref name=":6" />, 10:2]. See also (Kurtik m29) [[MUL]] (4).

         (2) = Moon (<sup>d</sup>GAL, DINGIR GAL), see. [ACh Sin<ref name=":7">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 3:24; Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":4" />, 154:24; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, texts II 12′, VIm:2′-5′]. See also: <sup>d</sup>''Nanna'' en <sup>d</sup>mul<sub>2</sub>.gal / eš.bar.bar an.ki "O Nanna, lord, the great star, / who adjudicates in heaven and earth" [Limet 1971<ref>''Limet H.'' Les légendes des sceaux cassites. Brussel, 1971.</ref>, 84].

         (3) = Jupiter; identifications: MUL.GAL = <sup>mul</sup>ŠUL.PA.E<sub>3</sub> [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 288 r. 1-4], MUL.GAL = <sup>mul /</sup> <sup>d</sup>SAG.ME.GAR [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":7" />, 14:16; 52:13, 15, 17; ACh Ištar<ref name=":7" />, 7:3], MUL.GAL = <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":7" />, 11:72] = Jupiter(?), according to [Bezold 1920<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref>, 103:13 u. Anm. 12; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 62]. Jupiter's name in the month of sabbat: <sup>ul</sup>GAL = <sup>d</sup>AMAR.UTU [IIIR 53, 2:12], see also [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49, S.777:11; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 24-25; van Soldt<ref name=":3" />, 24 II e + Ca 11]. See (Kurtik a19) [[UD.AL.TAR|AL.TAR]].

         (4) = Saturn; identity: MUL.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ = <sup>mul</sup>SAG.ME.GAR ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>SAG.[UŠ] "Big stars = Jupiter and Satu[rn]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":7" />, 52:21].

         (5) = Sirius; MUL GAL-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> "Big Star of the Arrow" [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 62; Weidner 1921-23<ref>''Weidner E''. Studien zur babylonischen Himmelskunde // Rivista degli studi orientali. 1921-23. Vol. IX. P. 287-300.</ref>, 298:7].

== Historical Dictionaries == 
{| class="wikitable"
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! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, m32)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950) 
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| = kakkabu rabû «Большая звезда» [Gössmann 1950, 62]; термин, используемый для обозначения небесных объектов c большим блеском ― метеоров, болидов, комет, а также Луны, планет и Сириуса.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: [<sup>mul</sup>gu.la] = ra-bu-u<sub>2</sub> [MSL XI, 49:64]. ЕАЕ. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 61–62, 83: omen 5, 115; Emar VI/4, 655:10, 659:1, 662:4, 663:1; Largement 1957, 244:42b, 246:57a, 248:75; Verderame 2002, 248; van Soldt, Texts 24 II e]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 154:24]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 322: kakkabu rabû]. «Пророческий текст B». DIŠ MUL.GAL ša<sub>2</sub> GIM GI.IZI.LA<sub>2</sub> ˹TA˺ […] «Если большая звезда, которая подобна факелу, (вспыхивает?) от […]» [Biggs 1987, 10: r. 3].  «Дневники наблюдений». См. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim].

См. также mul ra-be<sub>2</sub>-e [ACh Suppl., 54:18].

II. Отождествление.

(1) = Метеор, болид, комета; в астрологических предсказаниях при описании наблюдаемых на небе явлений; например: DIŠ UD.15.KAM AN.MI GAR-ma ina ŠA<sub>3</sub>.ḪUL it-bal u MUL.GAL ŠUB … «Если затмение происходит в 15-й день и оно исчезает в несчастье, и метеор падает: некто завоюет важный город царя и (пленит) его людей …» (предсказание восходит к старовавилонскому периоду) [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 115, 125 D ii 5]; DIŠ MUL.GAL ul-tu ti-ib [IM.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>] / a-na ti-ib IM.U<sub>18</sub>.LU [SUR-ma] / mi-ši-iḫ-šu<sub>2</sub> GIM nam-maš-t[i GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB KUN] «Если метеор [вспыхивает] от восхода [северного ветра] к восходу южного ветра, и его след имеет хвост как [у скорпиона]» [SAA 8, 158:9–11] (возможно, здесь речь идет о движении кометы); 1 KASKAL.GID<sub>2</sub> MI it-ta-lak / MUL.GAL TA IM.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> / a-na IM.U<sub>18</sub>.LU / iṣ-ṣa-ru-ur... «1 «двойной час» ночи прошел; метеор сверкнул от севера к югу» [SAA 8, 334:1–4]; [DIŠ] MUL.GAL TA <sup>d</sup>UTU.E<sub>3</sub>.[A] / ana <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A SUR-ma ŠU<sub>2</sub>-bi / u mi-šiḫ-šu<sub>2</sub> u<sub>2</sub>-mar-ri-ma GAR / ERIM-ni KUR<sub>2</sub> ina ME<sub>3</sub> ŠUB-ut «[Если] метеор вспыхивает от восто[ка] к западу и заходит, и прерывает свой след и (опять) восстанавливает его: войска врага будут разбиты в сражении» [SAA 8, 335:1–4]; 2 MUL.GAL.MEŠ / ina EN.NUN MURUB<sub>4</sub>.BA / EGIR a-ḫa-meš / iṣ-ṣar-ru «Два метеора вспыхнули в среднюю стражу один за другим» [SAA 8, 335 r. 1–4]; параллели и другие примеры см. [SAA 8, 323 r. 5–7, 335:5–9, 432:1–5, 552:1–3; Rochberg-Halton 1988, 61–62, 83, 115; Largement 1957; Chadwick 1993; Gössmann 1950, 62]; DIŠ MUL.GAL ša<sub>2</sub> GIM GI.IZI.LA<sub>2</sub> ˹TA˺ […] / mi-šiḫ-šu ma-gal da-ʼ-im «Если Большая звезда, которая подобна факелу, от […], сияние ее очень темное […]» [Biggs 1987, 10:3–4]. См. также: DIŠ ˹MUL˺ [ina] ka-la UD-mi iṣ-ru-u[r…] «Если звезда целый день сияе[т …]» [Biggs 1987, 10:2]. См. также m29MUL (4).

(2) = Луна (<sup>d</sup>GAL, DINGIR GAL), см. [ACh Sin, 3:24; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 154:24; Verderame 2002, texts II 12′, VIm:2′–5′]. См. также: <sup>d</sup>Nanna en <sup>d</sup>mul<sub>2</sub>.gal / eš.bar.bar an.ki «О Нанна, господин, великая звезда, / который решения выносит на небе и на земле» [Limet 1971, 84].

(3) = Юпитер; отождествления: MUL.GAL = <sup>mul</sup>ŠUL.PA.E<sub>3</sub> [SAA 8, 288 r. 1–4], MUL.GAL = <sup>mul /</sup> <sup>d</sup>SAG.ME.GAR [ACh Suppl., 14:16; 52:13, 15, 17; ACh Ištar, 7:3], MUL.GAL = <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA [ACh Šamaš, 11:72] = Юпитер(?), согласно [Bezold 1920, 103:13 u. Anm. 12; Gössmann 1950, 62]. Имя Юпитера в месяце шабату: <sup>ul</sup>GAL = <sup>d</sup>AMAR.UTU [IIIR 53, 2:12], см. также [CT 26, 49, S.777:11; HBA, 24–25; van Soldt, 24 II e + Ca 11]. См. a19AL.TAR.

(4) = Сатурн; тождество: MUL.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ = <sup>mul</sup>SAG.ME.GAR u <sup>mul</sup>SAG.[UŠ] «Большие звезды = Юпитер и Сату[рн]» [ACh Suppl., 52:21].

(5) = Сириус; MUL GAL-u<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> «Большая звезда Стрелы» [Gössmann 1950, 62; Weidner 1921–23, 298:7].
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== References == 
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] 
[[Category:Sumerian]] 
[[Category:West Asian]] 
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]