View source for User:KhalidAlAjaji/al-Ḫibāʾ al-šaāmī

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-shaāmī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الْخِبَاء الشآمي)}}

{{distinguish
|al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī
|Alchiba
}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian ''ḫibāʾtent''. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
[[File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī in the area of Hercules constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabic name for a region or an asterism of four stars in the northern sky forming a quadrilateral shape.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The name appeared in historical resources as al-Ḫibāʾ (Arabic: الخباء, the Tent) without any specifier, but to avoid confusion with the Corvus asterism also known as ''[[al‑Ḫibāʾ|al‑Ḫibāʾ<nowiki/>]]''  and the star α Crv named ''[[Alchiba]]'', this encyclopedia refers to the Hercules asterism as ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (Arabic: الخباء الشآمي, “Northern Tent” ), while reserving ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, “Southern Tent”) for the Corvus asterism as specified by Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī (See [[al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī]]).

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.
Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref name="LisanAlArab">Lisān al-ʿarab, لسان العرب، باب الواو والياء المعتل فصل الخاء المعجمة</ref>
<blockquote><p dir="rtl">الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</p></blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===

Three primary sources discuss the Arabic ''al-Ḫibā' al-šaāmī'' (الخِبَاء الشآمي, "Northern Tent"): Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts differ, and to elucidate the significance of ''al-Ḫibā''', one must compare it to other distinctly named stellar configurations that bear analogous nomenclature.

To understand how the Arabs imagined ''al-Ḫibā'<nowiki/>'', we can look at two well defined ''Ḫibā''' asterisms at our disposal. The first is ''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, "the Southern Tent"), which corresponds to an asterism of four quadrilateral stars γ, ε, β, δ in Corvus.
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Southern Tent.jpg|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), ''al-Ḫibā''' ''al-Yamānī'' in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:Khiba ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>
The other is ''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' (Arabic: سعد الأَخْبِيَة, "Auspice of Small Tents"), an asterism of four stars in Aquarius: three form a triangle, which is ''al-Ḫibā'''  (the tent), and the fourth star inside the triangle is ''Saʿd'' (a man inside the tent). This description is given by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Al-Ṣūfī said, description of Aquarius:<ref name="alSufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr <span dir="rtl">كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي.</span><br>]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr Book of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]
</ref>

<blockquote><p dir="rtl">سَعْدَ الأَخْبِيَةِ، وهو المنزل الخامس والعشرون من منازل القمر، سُمِّيَ بهذا الاسم لأنه من أربعة كواكب: ثلاثة منها على مثلث، وواحد في وسط المثلث وهو الحادي عشر، فجعلوا هذا الواحد سعدًا والثلاثة له بمنزلة الخباء.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote>''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' ("Saʿd of the Tents"), the twenty-fifth of the lunar stations, was given this name because it consists of four stars: three form a triangle, and one lies at the center of that triangle — the eleventh star of Aquarius. They considered the central one ''Saʿd'', and the three surrounding it like the tent that shelters Saʿd.</blockquote>
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Saad alakhbiya.jpg|''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'', in Aquarius. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:khiba-triangular ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent supported by one pole. image inspired by [https://www.loc.gov/resource/matpc.04679/ a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress].  (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic, p. 67<ref name="IbnQutaybaAnwa"><span dir="rtl">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م.</span><br />
IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs), DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>

<p dir="rtl">وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.</p>

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).

;Stars identification

It appears that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ), as described by Ibn Qutayba, denotes a quadrilateral configuration of four stars, reflecting the form of the southern tent (''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamāniyah'', الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ). Two such arrangements meet this criterion: one located beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its rising, and another beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its setting. The first consists of the four stars of the Big Dipper, which may be discounted since these are well known stars, and Ibn Qutayba would likely have acknowledged this alternate designation. The other candidate is the quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam.

|[[File:Northern Khiba ibn Qutayba.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' as described by ibn Qutayba. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref name="alSufi"></ref>

Original Arabic, description of Auriga

Original Arabic

<p dir="rtl">وفي القطعة من السماء التي حواليها هذه الصورة ورأس الدب الأكبر والجَدْيُ وكوكبة ذات الكرسي، وهي رقعة من السماء شبه مفازة ليس فيها كوكب نيِّر ولا شيء من الكواكب المرصودة إلا الاثنين اللذين على الرأس من هذه الصورة، وفيها من الكواكب ما لا يمكن إحصاؤه لكثرته وكثافة جمعه، وفي الوسط منها، كواكب من القدر الخامس والسادس، تُسَمِّيها العرب: الخِبَاءَ؛ لأنّها على صورة الخباء، والاثنان اللذان على الرأس من هذه الصورة داخلان في جملة الخباء.</p></blockquote>

;English translation

In the region of the sky surrounded by this constellation (referring to the constellation of Auriga), along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is an area with no bright star, nor any reported by Ptolemy except for the two at the head of Auriga. This area contains countless stars, densely packed together. In its center are stars of fifth and sixth magnitude, which the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent") because they resemble the shape of a tent. The two stars at the head of this constellation are considered part of ''al-Ḫibāʾ''.

;Stars identification

It is evident from the description that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) refers to a region of the sky encompassing numerous stars, including the two on the head of Auriga, δ and ξ Aur. Restricting the definition to only a specific number of stars does not align with the account given by al-Ṣūfī.
|[[File:Northern Khiba al-sufi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' region as described by al-Ṣūfī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)'''<ref name="alMarzuqi"><span dir="rtl">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ، الجزء الثاني، ص 349.</span><br>
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).
</ref>

Original Arabic, vol 2, p. 345

<p dir="rtl">وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: أسفل من بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ كواكب كثيرة مختلطة يقال لها: الضِّبَاعُ. وأَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ كواكب صغار، عن يمين الضِّبَاعِ، بينها وبين بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ. قال: والخِبَاءُ كواكب في مثل هيئة الخِبَاءِ، أسفل من أَوْلَادِ الضِّبَاعِ.</p>

;English translation

[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] said: Below ''Banāt Naʿsh'' (بَنَاتِ نَعْش) are numerous, scattered stars called ''al-Ḍibāʿ'' (الضِّبَاعُ, "the hyenas"). ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas") are small stars located to the right of ''al-Ḍibāʿ'', between them and ''Banāt Naʿsh''. He also said: ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ) is a group of stars resembling the shape of a tent, situated below ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas").

;Stars identification

Al-Marzūqī places ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' in spatial relation below ''al-Ḍibāʿ''. From the text we can easily find a quadrilateral shape with relatively bright stars as described in the region of the constellation Hercules. The location of this tent fits nicely with the nearby shepherd with his goats and two dogs in the middle of a desert pasture. Notably, his description is clearer than those of Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī and corresponds well with the arrangement of stars in the night sky. According to his narrative, ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' refers to the four stars ζ, ε, π, η Her.
|[[File:Northern_Khiba_al-Marzuqi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' al-šaāmī (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|}

==== Stars Identification ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ 
|-
! Source!! Identification !! Comment
|-
| Ibn Qutayba || The quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam || This is the closest match of the description, but with some uncertainty as the asterism stars are not prominent. 
|-
| Al-Ṣūfī || A region of the sky surrounded by Auriga, along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and  Cassiopeia, including the two stars δ and ξ Aur. || A region with no bright stars, but no prominent asterism or group of stars resembling a tent could be identified.
|-
| Al-Marzūqī || ζ, ε, π, η Her || Definitive identification from a clear description
|}

Formerly, Kunitzsch (1961)<ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref> mentioned al-Ḫibāʾ (English translation):

130. al-ḫibā
"the tent". Ibn Qutayba 67, 3 (in the case of the stars discussed under lunar station 14): “al-hibāʾ: stars below al-ḥawḍ [= τhυφθef Ursae Majoris], in the form of the Southern Tent". In Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 the definition is: "al-hibāʾ are stars in the form of a tent, below "Awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ [no. 20]". Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 includes among these stars called ''al-hibāʾ'' the faint stars of the modern image of Giraffe [Camelopardalis], which were not described by Ptolemy, as well as the 1st and 2nd of the Ptolemaic image of Aurigae = δξ Aurigae.


===Discussion===


====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ... 
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

different opinions by modern scholars - e.g. Adams<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>, Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>), AlAjaji, Kunitzsch, Ideler 
...

 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte 
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ... 

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name  ... ... 

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

* 

== Reference ==


 
[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]] 
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]