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<sup>d</sup>LAMMA (𒀭𒆗) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
==Dictionary==
----


=== Krebernik (2023) ===
[[File:UZ3-enzu stellarium.jpg|thumb|Babylonian UZ3 (enzu) constellation in Lyra (Stellarium).]]
A protective deity. The expected Akk. equivalent would be ''Lammass(at)u'', but note the syllabic spelling <sup>d</sup>''Lam-mu'' in 5R 146: 17. <sup>d</sup>LAMMA (EN 24r).
<sup>d</sup>LAMMA (𒀭𒆗) is the brightest star in the constellation <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> = ''enzu'', 'The She-Goat' corresponding to classical [[Lyra]] and so should be identified with [[Vega]].  The term is in fact a generic term for protective deities.      


=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings: <sup>d</sup>LAMA<sub>2</sub>, <sup>d</sup>KAL, <sup>ul</sup>KAL; = <sup>d</sup>''Lamassu''; goddess Vega (α Lyrae), a star of great brilliance in the Goat constellation [G. 212bis; 235] .
Var. readings:
 
* <sup>d</sup>LAMA<sub>2</sub>,  
* <sup>d</sup>KAL,  
* <sup>ul</sup>KAL;  
* = <sup>d</sup>''Lamassu'' (goddess);
* <sup>mul</sup>''Lammu'' (𒀯𒇴𒈬);
LAMMA is a protective deity. The expected Akk. equivalent would be ''Lammass(at)u'', but note the syllabic spelling <sup>d</sup>''Lam-mu'' as the stellar vizier of Baba indicating a direct loan-word into Akkadian.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> In 5R 146: 17. <sup>d</sup>LAMMA (EN 24r).
 
[[Vega]] (α Lyrae), a star of great brilliance in the Goat constellation [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 212 bis 235].
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
!Sources
!Sources L03 LAMMA
!Identifications
!Identifications
|-
|-
|'''EAE.'''  
|'''EAE.'''  
See. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 26′]. 
TE-omens (BM 47799 = LBAT 1565: 21, 24 and parallels).
 
* 21’ DIŠ MUL<sup>.d</sup>LAMMA SUKKAL <sup>d</sup>''ba-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' MUL.TI<sub>8</sub>.MUŠEN TE. . .
* 24' DIŠ MUL.UGA.MUŠEN KI.MIN MUL.LUGAL SUKKAL MUL.LAMMA ''ana'' MUL.ERIDU.KI TE
 
See Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 26′.  
 
|
|
|-
|-
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List of Enlil's stars (no. 25):   
List of Enlil's stars (no. 25):   


* MUL ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>LAMMA SUKKAL <sup>d</sup>''Ba''-''u''<sub>2</sub> "Star with great brilliance in the Goat: Lamma, Baba's messenger" (I i 26) [MA, 26];  
* MUL ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>LAMMA SUKKAL <sup>d</sup>''Ba''-''u''<sub>2</sub> "Star with great brilliance in the Goat: Lamma, Baba's messenger" (I i 26) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 26];
* Parallel: <sup>d</sup>Kal.kal.<sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub> = ˹lamma˺ <sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub>.ke<sub>4</sub> [Litke 1998, 174:61].
* Parallel: <sup>d</sup>Kal.kal.<sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub> = ˹lamma˺ <sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub>.ke<sub>4</sub> [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 174:61].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:17 + dupl.'''
* <sup>mul</sup>''Lam-mu'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''Ur-ma-šum'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Gu-la'' "Lammu, Baba's messenger = Urmashum, Gula's messenger" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
!L04 ''Lammu''
|
|-
|'''Star List VR 46, 1:17.'''
*<sup>mul</sup>''Lam-mu'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''Ur-ma-šum'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Gu-la'' "Lammu, Baba's messenger = Urmashum, Gula's messenger" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|
|-
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:17.'''
|'''The text Nv. 10.'''
* <sup>mul</sup>''Lam-mu'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''Ur-ma-šum'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Gu-la'' "Lammu, Baba's messenger = Urmashum, Gula's messenger" [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
Intercalation scheme:
*''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>še ki.min <sup>mul</sup>˹''Lam-mu''˺ // 4 ''šu''-[''ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] / <sup>mul</sup>ti<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup> // 3 ''šu''-[''ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim''] / <sup>mul</sup>u<sub>4</sub>.˹ka.duḫ.a˺ // 2 [''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a''] / GIŠ 4 4 <sup>mul</sup>A[N.TA.GUB.BA] // 1 [''šu-qa''<sub>2</sub> sim.maḫ]
*"In the month of adar respectively: Lammu, 4, (star on the path) of [Enlil], / Eagle, 3, (star on the path) of [Anu], / Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 2, (star on the path) of [Ea], / measuring instrument: 4 (elbows) 4 (fingers) (from) On[top of the standing star], 1, (to) [the height of the Swallow]" (Obv. 17ʹ-20ʹ) [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 64, 66, 69].
|
|
|}
|}
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=== Additional ===
=== Additional ===


==== II. Deity. ====
==== Deity. ====
         Lamma (Lamassu) was regarded as a good goddess, patroness and intercessor, ensuring prosperous fortunes, mental and physical health, and good condition of temples, cities, and countries; venerated in Lagash and a number of other places [AHw, 532; CAD L, 60-66; MNM II, 36; RlA 6, 449; Tallqvist 1938, 117-118, 346]. The mythology explaining its association with Vega is unknown. In AN:<sup>d</sup>Anum (IV 156) Lamma is identified with Inanna (=Venus?): <sup>d</sup>(la.ma.su)KAL = ŠU(= <sup>d</sup>Inanna.ke<sub>4</sub>) [Litke 1998, 159:156]. On the deity Urmashum see. [Kraus 1951, 82]. On the connection of Lamma with the Pleiades (ŠA <sup>d</sup>7.BI <sup>d</sup>LAMMA "Lamma of the Seven Gods") see [Kraus 1951, 82]. [Reiner 1995, 86, note 355]. One astrological prediction identifies the Raven as the messenger of Lamma (<sup>ul</sup>ug<sub>5</sub>.ga sukkal <sup>ul</sup>KAL) [Borger 1973, 41: 26′], see u11[[UGA]], VI 13.
         Lamma (Lamassu) was regarded as a good goddess, patroness and intercessor, ensuring prosperous fortunes, mental and physical health, and good condition of temples, cities, and countries; venerated in Lagash and a number of other places [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 532; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> L, 60-66; MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 36; RlA<ref>''Reallexikon der Assyriologie''.</ref> 6, 449; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 117-118, 346]. The mythology explaining its association with Vega is unknown. In AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (IV 156) Lamma is identified with Inanna (=Venus?): <sup>d</sup>(la.ma.su)KAL = ŠU(= <sup>d</sup>Inanna.ke<sub>4</sub>) [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 159:156]. On the deity Urmashum see. [Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R.  ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 82]. On the connection of Lamma with the Pleiades (ŠA <sup>d</sup>7.BI <sup>d</sup>LAMMA "Lamma of the Seven Gods") see [Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R.  ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 82]. [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 86, note 355]. One astrological prediction identifies the Raven as the messenger of Lamma (<sup>ul</sup>ug<sub>5</sub>.ga sukkal <sup>ul</sup>KAL) [Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, 41: 26′], see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 13.


==== III. Identification. ====
==== Identification. ====
         = α Lyrae [G. 145, I C; BPO 2, 13; MA, 138: 25; ASM, 273].
         = α Lyrae [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 145, I C; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 13; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138: 25; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].


== Historical Dictionaries ==  
== Historical Dictionaries ==  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, L03)
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, L03 LAMMA)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)  
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)  
|-
|-
Line 55: Line 83:
= α Lyrae [G. 145, I C; BPO 2, 13; MA, 138: 25; ASM, 273].
= α Lyrae [G. 145, I C; BPO 2, 13; MA, 138: 25; ASM, 273].
| Example
| Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, L04 ''Lammu'')
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|[G. 235].
I. Источники.
Список звезд VR 46, 1:17. <sup>mul</sup>Lam-mu sukkal <sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>Ur-ma-šum sukkal <sup>d</sup>Gu-la «Ламму, посланник Бабы = Урмашум, посланник Гулы» [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: ina <sup>iti</sup>še ki.min <sup>mul</sup>˹Lam-mu˺ // 4 šu-[ut <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub>] / <sup>mul</sup>ti<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup> // 3 šu-[ut <sup>d</sup>A-nim] / <sup>mul</sup>u<sub>4</sub>.˹ka.duḫ.a˺ // 2 [šu-ut <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a] / GIŠ 4 4 <sup>mul</sup>A[N.TA.GUB.BA] // 1 [šu-qa<sub>2</sub> sim.maḫ] «В месяце аддару соответственно: Ламму, 4, (звезда на пути) [Энлиля], / Орел, 3, (звезда на пути) [Ану], / Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 2, (звезда на пути) [Эа], / измерительный инструмент: 4 (локтя) 4 (пальца) (от) На[верху стоящей звезды], 1, (до) [высоты Ласточки]» (Obv. 17ʹ–20ʹ) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66, 69].
Вероятна связь <sup>mul</sup>Lammu и <sup>d</sup>LAMMA (L03).
|Example
|}
|}


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[[Category:Mesopotamian]]  
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]  
[[Category:Sumerian]]  
[[Category:Sumerian]]  
[[Category:West Asian]]  
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Lyr]]

Latest revision as of 06:18, 24 May 2026

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Susanne M Hoffmann, Wayne Horowitz, Youla Azkarrula

Babylonian UZ3 (enzu) constellation in Lyra (Stellarium).

dLAMMA (𒀭𒆗) is the brightest star in the constellation mulUZ3 = enzu, 'The She-Goat' corresponding to classical Lyra and so should be identified with Vega. The term is in fact a generic term for protective deities.

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

Var. readings:

  • dLAMA2,
  • dKAL,
  • ulKAL;
  • = dLamassu (goddess);
  • mulLammu (𒀯𒇴𒈬);

LAMMA is a protective deity. The expected Akk. equivalent would be Lammass(at)u, but note the syllabic spelling dLam-mu as the stellar vizier of Baba indicating a direct loan-word into Akkadian.[2] In 5R 146: 17. dLAMMA (EN 24r).

Vega (α Lyrae), a star of great brilliance in the Goat constellation [Gössmann[3] 212 bis 235].

Sources L03 LAMMA Identifications
EAE.

TE-omens (BM 47799 = LBAT 1565: 21, 24 and parallels).

  • 21’ DIŠ MUL.dLAMMA SUKKAL dba-u2 ana MUL.TI8.MUŠEN TE. . .
  • 24' DIŠ MUL.UGA.MUŠEN KI.MIN MUL.LUGAL SUKKAL MUL.LAMMA ana MUL.ERIDU.KI TE

See Borger 1973[4], LB 1321 r. 26′.

MUL.APIN.

List of Enlil's stars (no. 25):

  • MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulUZ3 dLAMMA SUKKAL dBa-u2 "Star with great brilliance in the Goat: Lamma, Baba's messenger" (I i 26) [MA[5], 26];
  • Parallel: dKal.kal.dBa.u2 = ˹lamma˺ dBa.u2.ke4 [Litke 1998[6], 174:61].
List of stars VR 46, 1:17 + dupl.
  • mulLam-mu sukkal dBa.u2 = dUr-ma-šum sukkal dGu-la "Lammu, Baba's messenger = Urmashum, Gula's messenger" [HBA[7], 51; Wee 2016[8], 162-3].
L04 Lammu
Star List VR 46, 1:17.
  • mulLam-mu sukkal dBa.u2 = dUr-ma-šum sukkal dGu-la "Lammu, Baba's messenger = Urmashum, Gula's messenger" [HBA[9], 51; Wee 2016[10], 162-3].
The text Nv. 10.

Intercalation scheme:

  • ina itiše ki.min mul˹Lam-mu˺ // 4 šu-[ut dEn-lil2] / multi8mušen // 3 šu-[ut dA-nim] / mulu4.˹ka.duḫ.a˺ // 2 [šu-ut dE2-a] / GIŠ 4 4 mulA[N.TA.GUB.BA] // 1 [šu-qa2 sim.maḫ]
  • "In the month of adar respectively: Lammu, 4, (star on the path) of [Enlil], / Eagle, 3, (star on the path) of [Anu], / Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 2, (star on the path) of [Ea], / measuring instrument: 4 (elbows) 4 (fingers) (from) On[top of the standing star], 1, (to) [the height of the Swallow]" (Obv. 17ʹ-20ʹ) [Donbaz-Koch 1995[11], 64, 66, 69].

Additional

Deity.

         Lamma (Lamassu) was regarded as a good goddess, patroness and intercessor, ensuring prosperous fortunes, mental and physical health, and good condition of temples, cities, and countries; venerated in Lagash and a number of other places [AHw[12], 532; CAD[13] L, 60-66; MNM II[14], 36; RlA[15] 6, 449; Tallqvist 1938[16], 117-118, 346]. The mythology explaining its association with Vega is unknown. In AN:dAnum (IV 156) Lamma is identified with Inanna (=Venus?): d(la.ma.su)KAL = ŠU(= dInanna.ke4) [Litke 1998[17], 159:156]. On the deity Urmashum see. [Kraus 1951[18], 82]. On the connection of Lamma with the Pleiades (ŠA d7.BI dLAMMA "Lamma of the Seven Gods") see [Kraus 1951[19], 82]. [Reiner 1995[20], 86, note 355]. One astrological prediction identifies the Raven as the messenger of Lamma (ulug5.ga sukkal ulKAL) [Borger 1973[21], 41: 26′], see (Kurtik u11) UGA, VI 13.

Identification.

         = α Lyrae [Gössmann[22] 145, I C; BPO 2[23], 13; MA[24], 138: 25; ASM[25], 273].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, L03 LAMMA) Gössmann (1950)
вар. чтения: dLAMA2, dKAL, ulKAL; = dLamassu; богиня Веги (α Lyrae), звезда с большим блеском в созвездии Коза [G. 212bis; 235] .

I. Источники.

EAE. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 26′].  MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 25): MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulUZ3 dLAMMA SUKKAL dBa-U2 «Звезда с большим блеском в Козе: Ламма, посланник Бабы» (I i 26) [MA, 26]; параллель: dKal.kal.dBa.u2 = ˹lamma˺ dBa.u2.ke4 [Litke 1998, 174:61]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:17. mulLam-mu sukkal dBa.u2 = dUr-ma-šum sukkal dGu-la «Ламму, посланник Бабы = Урмашум, посланник Гулы» [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162–3].

II. Божество.

Ламма (Ламассу) считалась доброй богиней, покровительницей и заступницей, обеспечивающей благополучную судьбу, душевное и физическое здоровье, хорошее состояние храмов, городов и стран; почиталась в Лагаше и ряде других мест [AHw, 532; CAD L, 60-66; МНМ II, 36; RlA 6, 449; Tallqvist 1938, 117–118, 346]. Мифологема, объясняющая ее связь с Вегой, неизвестна. В AN:dAnum (IV 156) Ламма отождествляется с Инанной (=Венера?): d(la.ma.su)KAL = ŠU(= dInanna.ke4) [Litke 1998, 159:156]. О божестве Урмашум см. [Kraus 1951, 82]. О связи Ламмы с Плеядами (ŠA d7.BI dLAMMA «Ламма Семи богов») см. [Reiner 1995, 86, note 355]. В одном астрологическом предсказании Ворон определяется как посланник Ламмы (ulug5.ga sukkal ulKAL) [Borger 1973, 41: 26′], см. u11UGA, VI 13.

III. Отождествление.

= α Lyrae [G. 145, I C; BPO 2, 13; MA, 138: 25; ASM, 273].

Example
Kurtik (2022, L04 Lammu) Gössmann (1950)
[G. 235].

I. Источники.

Список звезд VR 46, 1:17. mulLam-mu sukkal dBa.u2 = dUr-ma-šum sukkal dGu-la «Ламму, посланник Бабы = Урмашум, посланник Гулы» [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: ina itiše ki.min mul˹Lam-mu˺ // 4 šu-[ut dEn-lil2] / multi8mušen // 3 šu-[ut dA-nim] / mulu4.˹ka.duḫ.a˺ // 2 [šu-ut dE2-a] / GIŠ 4 4 mulA[N.TA.GUB.BA] // 1 [šu-qa2 sim.maḫ] «В месяце аддару соответственно: Ламму, 4, (звезда на пути) [Энлиля], / Орел, 3, (звезда на пути) [Ану], / Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 2, (звезда на пути) [Эа], / измерительный инструмент: 4 (локтя) 4 (пальца) (от) На[верху стоящей звезды], 1, (до) [высоты Ласточки]» (Obv. 17ʹ–20ʹ) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66, 69].

Вероятна связь mulLammu и dLAMMA (L03).

Example

References

  1. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  2. ↑ Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579
  3. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  4. ↑ Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.
  5. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  6. ↑ Litke R.L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).
  7. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  8. ↑ Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.
  9. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  10. ↑ Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.
  11. ↑ Donbaz V., Koch J. Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.
  12. ↑ Soden von W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
  13. ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  14. ↑ Мифы народов мира. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.
  15. ↑ Reallexikon der Assyriologie.
  16. ↑ Tallqvist K. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.
  17. ↑ Litke R.L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).
  18. ↑ Kraus F.R.  Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.
  19. ↑ Kraus F.R.  Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.
  20. ↑ Reiner E. Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.
  21. ↑ Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.
  22. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  23. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  24. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  25. ↑ Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
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