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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Makrû''}} | {{DISPLAYTITLE:''Makrû''}} | ||
<sup>mul / d</sup>''Makrû'' (𒀯𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋) is an ancient Mesopotamian name of Mars. | Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}} | ||
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<sup>mul / d</sup>''Makrû'' (𒀯𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋) is an ancient Mesopotamian name of Mars that relates to the red-orange color of the planet in the sky. The Akkadian term is one of a number of hues that fall under the Sumerian color-category 'Red,' SA<sub>5</sub> - which ranges from pink to brown and purple, including orange. It has been suggested that Akkadian ''makrû,'' is cognate to Greek ῶχρα and English 'ochre' by way of a putative Akkadian word ''wakrû/makrû'' (Horowitz 2020<ref name=":0">Horowitz W., (2020), “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35</ref>). We include listings of <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> (the Red-star) below although in cases where Akkadian ''makrû'' is not written syllabically other Akkadian equivalents of <sup>mul / d</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> are possible as well. For colors in Ancient Mesopotamia in general, see Thavapalan 2019<ref>Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.</ref>. | |||
{{Template:Mars}} | |||
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>== | |||
= <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> "Red, Fiery Red"; | |||
the name of Mars, fixing the reddish color of that planet [see Horowitz 2020<ref name=":0" /> and earlier Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 255; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 590b; CAD<ref name=":1">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M, 138-139; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":2">''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>], see also (Kurtik s04) [[SA5|SA<sub>5</sub>]]. | |||
= < | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Sources!!Identifications | ! Sources!!Identifications | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Lexical texts.''' | |'''Lexical texts.''' | ||
Series Ḫg. B VI: | Series Ḫg. B VI: | ||
* (a) <sup>mul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = ''ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu''] "Red = Mars," | *(a) <sup>mul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = ''ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu''] "Red = Mars," | ||
* (b) <sup>mul</sup> | *(b) <sup>mul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = ''mi''<sub>3</sub>''-qit i-šat'' = [min] "Red Star = Falling Fire = [ditto] (= Mars)" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:28, 29]. | ||
|Example | | Example | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''EAE.''' | |'''EAE.''' | ||
See. [BPO 2, IV 5a, V 3a, VI 5; BPO 3, 58, K.148+: r. 4; 64, Sm.1354:4; 82, K.800:11; 84, K.6021+: r. 13; 94, K.2226+:31, 34; 248, K.2346+:54,57; Largement 1957, 254:112]. | See. [BPO 2<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, IV 5a, V 3a, VI 5; BPO 3<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 58, K.148+: r. 4; 64, Sm.1354:4; 82, K.800:11; 84, K.6021+: r. 13; 94, K.2226+:31, 34; 248, K.2346+:54,57; Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 254:112]. | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."''' | |'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."''' | ||
* (1) List of Mars’ names: <sup>mul</sup>''ma-ak-ru-u'' = <sup>d</sup>min(= <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Red star = Mars"; | *(1) List of Mars’ names: <sup>mul</sup>''ma-ak-ru-u'' = <sup>d</sup>min(= <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Red star = Mars"; | ||
* (2) <sup>ul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = <sup>d</sup>udu.idim "Red star = planet"; | *(2) <sup>ul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = <sup>d</sup>udu.idim "Red star = planet"; | ||
* (3) <sup>ul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = ''šub-tim'' izi "Red star = Fall of Fire" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:85, 170, 172]. | *(3) <sup>ul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = ''šub-tim'' izi "Red star = Fall of Fire" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:85, 170, 172]. | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Astrol. Commentaries''' | |'''Astrol. Commentaries''' | ||
* <sup>mul</sup>''ma-ak-ru-u'' = ''tam-šil'' <sup>d</sup>''Girru''(GIŠ.BAR) "Red star = likeness of Girru (= Fire)," quoted in [CAD M, 139a; Reynolds 1998, 349]. III R, 53,2:6. | *<sup>mul</sup>''ma-ak-ru-u'' = ''tam-šil'' <sup>d</sup>''Girru''(GIŠ.BAR) "Red star = likeness of Girru (= Fire)," quoted in [CAD<ref name=":1" /> M, 139a; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":2" />, 349]. III R, 53,2:6. | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''List of the 12 names of Marduk:''' | |'''List of the 12 names of Marduk:''' | ||
* <sup>iti</sup>ne <sup>d</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>amar.utu "Month Abu, Red (star) = Marduk"; parallel: [<sup>iti</sup>ne] <sup>d</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u'' <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "[Month Abu], Red (star) = Mars" (S.777:6) [CT 26, 49]. See also [CT 26, 41, K. 11283:2; HBA, 22]. | *<sup>iti</sup>ne <sup>d</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>amar.utu "Month Abu, Red (star) = Marduk"; parallel: [<sup>iti</sup>ne] <sup>d</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u'' <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "[Month Abu], Red (star) = Mars" (S.777:6) [CT<ref name=":6">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49]. See also [CT<ref name=":6" /> 26, 41, K. 11283:2; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 22]. | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Additional=== | ===Additional=== | ||
==== | ====Deity. ==== | ||
Mars, as the Red Star was associated with the fire god | Mars, as the Red Star was associated with the fire god Girra, see above, and also (Kurtik g21) [[GIŠ.BAR]]. | ||
====Astrology.==== | |||
==== | =====Identifications:===== | ||
(1) = Pisces, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU<sub>6</sub>]], V 4.'''''????-check???''''' | |||
(2) Colors of the planets: | |||
( | |||
* <sup>mul</sup>BABBAR <sup>mul</sup>SAG.ME.[G]AR <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> Ṣal-bat-a-nu <sup>mul</sup>SIG<sub>7</sub> <sup>d</sup>Dil-bat <sup>mul</sup>MI <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ: <sup>d</sup>GUD.UD | |||
* "White star = Jupit[e]r, Red star = Mars, Green-yellow star = Venus, Black star = Saturn, var.: Mercury" [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 248, K.2346+:54]. | |||
===== Predictions: ===== | =====Predictions:===== | ||
(3) Venus and the Red Star; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' SAR-''ša''<sub>2</sub> [<sup>mul</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub>]-''ša''<sub>2</sub> TU-''ma E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'' (var. reading: NU ''E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'') DUMU LUGAL ''ana'' E<sub>2</sub> AD-''šu''<sub>2</sub> T[U-''ma'' AŠ.TE DIB-''bat''] "If [the Red Star enters] Venus and goes on during the rising of Venus (var.: does not appear): the king's son will enter his father's house and seize the throne]" [BPO 2, IV 5a + Parallels, V 3a, VI 5-5a; BPO 3, 64, Sm.1354:4; 94, K.2226+:31, 34]. | (3) Venus and the Red Star; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' SAR-''ša''<sub>2</sub> [<sup>mul</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub>]-''ša''<sub>2</sub> TU-''ma E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'' (var. reading: NU ''E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'') DUMU LUGAL ''ana'' E<sub>2</sub> AD-''šu''<sub>2</sub> T[U-''ma'' AŠ.TE DIB-''bat''] "If [the Red Star enters] Venus and goes on during the rising of Venus (var.: does not appear): the king's son will enter his father's house and seize the throne]" [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, IV 5a + Parallels, V 3a, VI 5-5a; BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 64, Sm.1354:4; 94, K.2226+:31, 34]. | ||
(4) Moon and Red Star; DIŠ ''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>30 TU NU E<sub>3</sub> DUMU LUGAL AŠ.TE DIB-''bat'' "If the Red Star inside the Moon enters and does not appear: the king's son will seize the throne" [Largement 1957, 254:112; TU, 16 r. 51], see also [ACh Ištar, 20:98]; [... <sup>d</sup>''Ma-a'']''k-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' A<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB MU.3.KAM<sub>2</sub> KUR NIM.MA<sup>ki</sup> [...] "[If... the Re]d star stadns on its (the moon's) side: within 3 years Elam [...]" [ACh Suppl., 19: 12]. | (4) Moon and Red Star; DIŠ ''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>30 TU NU E<sub>3</sub> DUMU LUGAL AŠ.TE DIB-''bat'' "If the Red Star inside the Moon enters and does not appear: the king's son will seize the throne" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 254:112; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 r. 51], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":7">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 20:98]; [... <sup>d</sup>''Ma-a'']''k-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' A<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB MU.3.KAM<sub>2</sub> KUR NIM.MA<sup>ki</sup> [...] "[If... the Re]d star stadns on its (the moon's) side: within 3 years Elam [...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":7" />, 19: 12]. | ||
(5) The red star in the path of (the star of) Ea; <sup>ul</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' DU [...] "The red star stands in the path of (the star of) Ea [...]" [BPO 3, 82, K.800:11]. | (5) The red star in the path of (the star of) Ea; <sup>ul</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' DU [...] "The red star stands in the path of (the star of) Ea [...]" [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 82, K.800:11]. | ||
==Historical Dictionaries== | ==Historical Dictionaries== | ||
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! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950) | ! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|= <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> «Красный, Огненно Красный»; название Марса, фиксирующее красноватый цвет этой планеты [ | |= <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> «Красный, Огненно Красный»; название Марса, фиксирующее красноватый цвет этой планеты [Gössmann 1950, 255; AHw, 590b; CAD M, 138–139; Reynolds 1998], см. также s04SA5. | ||
I. Источники. | I. Источники. | ||
| Line 87: | Line 92: | ||
|Example | |Example | ||
|} | |} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]] | *[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]] | ||
[[Category:Mesopotamian]] | [[Category:Mesopotamian]] | ||
[[Category:Akkadian]] | [[Category:Akkadian]] | ||
[[Category:West Asian]] | [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] | ||
[[Category:Eurasia]] | [[Category:Eurasia]] | ||
[[Category:Cuneiform]] | [[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] | ||
[[Category:Solar System]] | [[Category:Solar System]] | ||
[[Category:Planet]] | [[Category:Planet]] | ||
[[Category:Mars]] | [[Category:Mars]] | ||
[[Category:4workWayne]] | |||
<references /> | |||
Latest revision as of 09:03, 25 May 2026
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Wayne Horowitz, Susanne M Hoffmann, Youla Azkarrula, Jan Safford
mul / dMakrû (𒀯𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋) is an ancient Mesopotamian name of Mars that relates to the red-orange color of the planet in the sky. The Akkadian term is one of a number of hues that fall under the Sumerian color-category 'Red,' SA5 - which ranges from pink to brown and purple, including orange. It has been suggested that Akkadian makrû, is cognate to Greek ῶχρα and English 'ochre' by way of a putative Akkadian word wakrû/makrû (Horowitz 2020[1]). We include listings of mulSA5 (the Red-star) below although in cases where Akkadian makrû is not written syllabically other Akkadian equivalents of mul / dSA5 are possible as well. For colors in Ancient Mesopotamia in general, see Thavapalan 2019[2].
Images of Mars
-
Close Conjunction of Jupiter (brighter) and Mars (reddish) under Orion (upper right), seen from Cape Town (SMH 2024) -
Closest Conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 2024 (Cape Town, SMH). -
Jupiter, Mars and Pleiades at Dawn (SMH 2024). -
Jupiter, Mars, Pleiaden in a slightly cloudy morning twilight (SMH 2024). -
Mars in the constellation Gemini, The Twins (SMH January 2025). -
Mars in the constellation Gemini, The Twins (SMH February 2025). -
Mars extremly close to epsilon Geminorum (14 April 2023), seen from Petra, Jordan (SMH). -
One day after the close conjunction of Mars with epsilon Geminorum; seen from Petra, Jordan (SMH 2023). The planet then had a visible separation from the star. -
Mars in the Open Star Cluster Praesepe (M44) in Cancer (2023) -
Mars next to a tower in Central Europe: its reddish colour is extraordinarily obvious (SMH 2025). -
Mars two moon widths next to the Moon, photograph at full moon taken through a window in order to produce a dimmer image of the full moon next to Mars: the planet is at the right edge of the Moon. (SMH January 2025).
Concordance, Etymology, History[3]
= mulSA5 "Red, Fiery Red";
the name of Mars, fixing the reddish color of that planet [see Horowitz 2020[1] and earlier Gössmann[4] 255; AHw[5], 590b; CAD[6] M, 138-139; Reynolds 1998[7]], see also (Kurtik s04) SA5.
| Sources | Identifications |
|---|---|
| Lexical texts.
Series Ḫg. B VI:
|
Example |
| EAE.
See. [BPO 2[9], IV 5a, V 3a, VI 5; BPO 3[10], 58, K.148+: r. 4; 64, Sm.1354:4; 82, K.800:11; 84, K.6021+: r. 13; 94, K.2226+:31, 34; 248, K.2346+:54,57; Largement 1957[11], 254:112]. |
|
"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."
|
|
| Astrol. Commentaries | |
| List of the 12 names of Marduk: |
Additional
Deity.
Mars, as the Red Star was associated with the fire god Girra, see above, and also (Kurtik g21) GIŠ.BAR.
Astrology.
Identifications:
(1) = Pisces, see (Kurtik k24) KU6, V 4.????-check???
(2) Colors of the planets:
- mulBABBAR mulSAG.ME.[G]AR mulSA5 Ṣal-bat-a-nu mulSIG7 dDil-bat mulMI dSAG.UŠ: dGUD.UD
- "White star = Jupit[e]r, Red star = Mars, Green-yellow star = Venus, Black star = Saturn, var.: Mercury" [BPO 3[10], 248, K.2346+:54].
Predictions:
(3) Venus and the Red Star; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina SAR-ša2 [mulMa-ak-ru-u2 ana ŠA3]-ša2 TU-ma E3-a (var. reading: NU E3-a) DUMU LUGAL ana E2 AD-šu2 T[U-ma AŠ.TE DIB-bat] "If [the Red Star enters] Venus and goes on during the rising of Venus (var.: does not appear): the king's son will enter his father's house and seize the throne]" [BPO 2[9], IV 5a + Parallels, V 3a, VI 5-5a; BPO 3[10], 64, Sm.1354:4; 94, K.2226+:31, 34].
(4) Moon and Red Star; DIŠ Ma-ak-ru-u2 ana ŠA3 d30 TU NU E3 DUMU LUGAL AŠ.TE DIB-bat "If the Red Star inside the Moon enters and does not appear: the king's son will seize the throne" [Largement 1957[11], 254:112; TU[15], 16 r. 51], see also [ACh Ištar[16], 20:98]; [... dMa-a]k-ru-u2 ina A2-šu2 GUB MU.3.KAM2 KUR NIM.MAki [...] "[If... the Re]d star stadns on its (the moon's) side: within 3 years Elam [...]" [ACh Suppl.[16], 19: 12].
(5) The red star in the path of (the star of) Ea; ulMa-ak-ru-u2 ina šu-ut dE2-a DU [...] "The red star stands in the path of (the star of) Ea [...]" [BPO 3[10], 82, K.800:11].
Historical Dictionaries
| Kurtik (2022, m03) | Gössmann (1950) |
|---|---|
| = mulSA5 «Красный, Огненно Красный»; название Марса, фиксирующее красноватый цвет этой планеты [Gössmann 1950, 255; AHw, 590b; CAD M, 138–139; Reynolds 1998], см. также s04SA5.
I. Источники. Лексич. тексты. Серия Ḫg. B VI: a) mulsa5 = ma-ak-ru-u2 = dṣal-[bat-a-nu] «Красный = Марс», b) mulDIRI = mi3-qit i-šat = [min] «Красная звезда = Падение Огня = [ditto] (= Марс)» [MSL XI, 40:28, 29]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, IV 5a, V 3a, VI 5; BPO 3, 58, K.148+: r. 4; 64, Sm.1354:4; 82, K.800:11; 84, K.6021+: r. 13; 94, K.2226+:31, 34; 248, K.2346+:54,57; Largement 1957, 254:112]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulma-ak-ru-u = dmin(= dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Красная звезда = Марс»; (2) ulsa5 = dudu.idim «Красная звезда = планета»; (3) ulsa5 = šub-tim izi «Красная звезда = Падение огня» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:85, 170, 172]. Астрол. комм. mulma-ak-ru-u = tam-šil dGirru(GIŠ.BAR) «Красная звезда = подобие Гирры (= Огонь)», цит. по [CAD M, 139a; Reynolds 1998, 349]. III R, 53,2:6. Список 12 имен Мардука: itine dMa-ak-ru-u2 damar.utu «Месяц абу, Красная (звезда) = Мардук»; параллель: [itine] dMa-ak-ru-u dṢal-bat-a-nu «[Месяц абу], Красная (звезда) = Марс» (S.777:6) [CT 26, 49]. См. также [CT 26, 41, K. 11283:2; HBA, 22]. II. Божество. Марс как Красная звезда был связан с богом огня Гиррой, см. выше «Астрол. комм.», а также g21GIŠ.BAR. III. Астрология. Отождествления: (1) = Рыба, см. k24KU6, V 4. (2) Цвета планет; mulBABBAR mulSAG.ME.[G]AR mulSA5 Ṣal-bat-a-nu mulSIG7 dDil-bat mulMI dSAG.UŠ : dGUD.UD «Белая звезда = Юпит[е]р, Красная звезда = Марс, Зелено-желтая звезда = Венера, Черная звезда = Сатурн, вар.: Меркурий» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54]. Предсказания: (3) Венера и Красная звезда; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina SAR-ša2 [mulMa-ak-ru-u2 ana ŠA3]-ša2 TU-ma E3-a (вар. чтения: NU E3-a) DUMU LUGAL ana E2 AD-šu2 T[U-ma AŠ.TE DIB-bat] «Если при восходе Венеры [Красная звезда входит] в нее и идет дальше (вар.: не появляется): царский сын в дом своего отца во[йдет и захватит трон]» [BPO 2, IV 5a + Parallels, V 3a, VI 5–5a; BPO 3, 64, Sm.1354:4; 94, K.2226+:31, 34]. (4) Луна и Красная звезда; DIŠ Ma-ak-ru-u2 ana ŠA3 d30 TU NU E3 DUMU LUGAL AŠ.TE DIB-bat «Если Красная звезда внутрь Луны входит и не появляется: царский сын захватит трон» [Largement 1957, 254:112; TU, 16 r. 51], см. также [ACh Ištar, 20:98]; [… dMa-a]k-ru-u2 ina A2-šu2 GUB MU.3.KAM2 KUR NIM.MAki […] «[Если… Крас]ная звезда на ее (Луны) стороне стоит: в течение 3 лет Элам […]» [ACh Suppl., 19: 12]. (5) Красная звезда на пути (звезды) Эа; ulMa-ak-ru-u2 ina šu-ut dE2-a DU […] «Красная звезда на пути (звезды) Эа стоит […]» [BPO 3, 82, K.800:11]. |
Example |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Horowitz W., (2020), “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35
- ↑ Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.
- ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
- ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
- ↑ Soden von W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Reynolds F. Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.
- ↑ Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Reiner E., Pingree D. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Largement R. Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.
- ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
- ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
- ↑ Thureau-Dangin F. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
