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<sup>mul</sup>GI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = ''kakkab kittu u mēšaru,'' 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian ''kittu'', 'truth' and the second for ''mēšaru'', 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and constellation Libra, all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's ''bīt niṣirti'', 'secret place' is in Libra. | Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}} | ||
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[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Balance, Libra]] | |||
[ | <sup>mul</sup>GI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = ''kakkab kittu u mēšaru,'' 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian ''kittu'', 'truth' and the second for ''mēšaru'', 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and the constellation [[Libra]], all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's ''bīt niṣirti'', 'secret place' is in Libra. | ||
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>== | |||
[Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 88, 230], the name of Saturn and [[Libra]]. | |||
* (MUL) ''Kittu'' (𒀯𒆤𒌓) | |||
* = "Star of truth (and justice)"; an epithet of Saturn. | |||
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* (1) Series Ḫg. B VI: | * (1) Series Ḫg. B VI: | ||
** <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul ''kit-tu''<sub>2</sub> ''u me-šar'' = <sup>d</sup>sag.uš <sup>d</sup>utu | ** <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul ''kit-tu''<sub>2</sub> ''u me-šar'' = <sup>d</sup>sag.uš <sup>d</sup>utu | ||
** "Star gi.gi = Star of truth and justice = Saturn, | ** "Star gi.gi = Star of truth and justice = Saturn, Šamaš" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:39], dupl. <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul ''kit''-[''tu''<sub>2</sub> ...] [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116: Rs. iii 8]. | ||
* (2) <sup>mul</sup>gi.[gi...] [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; according to Koch's interpretation, text K.12619 ii 4-6: <sup>mul</sup>GI-[GI...] / ''kakkab kit-ti'' [''u mi-ša-ri''] / MUL GI<sub>6</sub> <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>''zi-ba-an-na''] "Star GI.GI = Star of truth and justice = Dark star = Star of Libra" [Koch 1989, 60-61]. Note sign-play on the Sumerian gi and gi<sub>6</sub> (the sign MI). | * (2) <sup>mul</sup>gi.[gi...] [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; according to Koch's interpretation, text K.12619 ii 4-6: <sup>mul</sup>GI-[GI...] / ''kakkab kit-ti'' [''u mi-ša-ri''] / MUL GI<sub>6</sub> <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>''zi-ba-an-na''] "Star GI.GI = Star of truth and justice = Dark star = Star of Libra" [Koch 1989<ref name=":0">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 60-61]. Note sign-play on the Sumerian gi and gi<sub>6</sub> (the sign MI). | ||
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In sector 6 the inscription: | In sector 6 the inscription: | ||
* ˹<sup>mul</sup>GI-GI˺ and the figure of Libra(?) [Koch 1989, 59; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9]. | * ˹<sup>mul</sup>GI-GI˺ and the figure of Libra(?) [Koch 1989<ref name=":0" />, 59; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9]. | ||
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(1) = Saturn; | (1) = Saturn; | ||
(2) = constellation | (2) = constellation Libra = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, according to [Koch 1989<ref name=":0" />, 79]. | ||
==== III. Astrology. ==== | ==== III. Astrology. ==== | ||
(1) The Star of Truth has | <s>(1) The Star of Truth has weakenedː DIŠ MUL ''ki-tu''<sub>4</sub> ŠER<sub>2</sub>.ŠER<sub>2</sub> KUR ARḪUŠ ''u'' SILIM-''mu'' [...] "If the Star of Truth weakens: the country [...] mercy and peace [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 25:26]</s>. '''MISREADǃ correct reading under ''tultu''''' | ||
(2) The Star of Truth approaches the Crown of | (2) The Star of Truth approaches the Crown of Anuː [DIŠ MUL ''ki-t'']''u''<sub>4</sub> ''a-na'' <sup>mul</sup>AGA.AN.NA TE <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' "[If the Star of Truth] comes close to the Crown of Anu, (this means): Saturn appears in the middle of the Celestial Bull." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 30:20]. '''Since kittu is not preserved here this reference should not be quoted here''' | ||
== Historical Dictionaries == | == Historical Dictionaries == | ||
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! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950) | ! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [ | | [Gössmann 1950, 88, 230], название Сатурна и Весов. | ||
I. Источники. | I. Источники. | ||
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(2) Звезда Правды приближается к Короне Ану; [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u<sub>4</sub> a-na <sup>mul</sup>AGA.AN.NA TE <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ ina ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA KUR-ma «[Если Звезда Прав]ды к Короне Ану приближается, (это означает): Сатурн в середине Небесного Быка появляется» [ACh Ištar, 30:20]. | (2) Звезда Правды приближается к Короне Ану; [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u<sub>4</sub> a-na <sup>mul</sup>AGA.AN.NA TE <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ ina ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA KUR-ma «[Если Звезда Прав]ды к Короне Ану приближается, (это означает): Сатурн в середине Небесного Быка появляется» [ACh Ištar, 30:20]. | ||
| Example | | Example | ||
|- | |||
!Kurtik (2022, k22) | |||
!Gössmann (1950) | |||
|- | |||
|= «Звезда правды (и справедливости)»; эпитет Сатурна [G. 230], см. g11GI.GI. | |||
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|} | |} | ||
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[[Category:Mesopotamian]] | [[Category:Mesopotamian]] | ||
[[Category:Sumerian]] | [[Category:Sumerian]] | ||
[[Category:West Asian]] | [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] | ||
[[Category:Eurasia]] | [[Category:Eurasia]] | ||
[[Category:Cuneiform]] | [[Category:Cuneiform]] | ||
[[Category:Saturn]] | [[Category:Saturn]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:25, 7 June 2026
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Susanne M Hoffmann, Wayne Horowitz, Hermann Hunger, Jan Safford, Youla Azkarrula
mulGI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = kakkab kittu u mēšaru, 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian kittu, 'truth' and the second for mēšaru, 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and the constellation Libra, all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's bīt niṣirti, 'secret place' is in Libra.
Concordance, Etymology, History[1]
[Gössmann 1950[2] 88, 230], the name of Saturn and Libra.
- (MUL) Kittu (𒀯𒆤𒌓)
- = "Star of truth (and justice)"; an epithet of Saturn.
| Sources | Identifications |
|---|---|
Lexic. texts.
|
|
| Planisphere K. 8538.
In sector 6 the inscription: |
Additional
II. Identification.
(1) = Saturn;
(2) = constellation Libra = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, according to [Koch 1989[6], 79].
III. Astrology.
(1) The Star of Truth has weakenedː DIŠ MUL ki-tu4 ŠER2.ŠER2 KUR ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu [...] "If the Star of Truth weakens: the country [...] mercy and peace [...]" [ACh Ištar[8], 25:26]. MISREADǃ correct reading under tultu
(2) The Star of Truth approaches the Crown of Anuː [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u4 a-na mulAGA.AN.NA TE dSAG.UŠ ina ŠA3 mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-ma "[If the Star of Truth] comes close to the Crown of Anu, (this means): Saturn appears in the middle of the Celestial Bull." [ACh Ištar[8], 30:20]. Since kittu is not preserved here this reference should not be quoted here
Historical Dictionaries
| Kurtik (2022, g11) | Gössmann (1950) |
|---|---|
| [Gössmann 1950, 88, 230], название Сатурна и Весов.
I. Источники. Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulgi.gi = mul kit-tu2 u me-šar = dsag.uš dutu «Звезда gi.gi = Звезда правды и справедливости = Сатурн, Шамаш» [MSL XI, 40:39], поздняя параллель: mulgi.gi = mul kit-[tu2 …] [SpTU III, 116: Rs. iii 8]. (2) mulgi.[gi…] [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; согласно интерпретации Коха, текст K.12619 ii 4-6: mulGI-[GI…] / kakkab kit-ti [u mi-ša-ri] / MUL MI mu[lzi-ba-an-na] «Звезда GI.GI = Звезда правды и справедливости = Темная звезда = Звезда Весы» [Koch 1989, 60–61]. Планисферa K. 8538. В секторе 6 надпись: ˹mulGI-GI˺ и изображение фигуры Весов(?) [Koch 1989, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. II. Отождествление. (1) = Сатурн; (2) = созвездие Весы = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, согласно [Koch 1989, 79]. III. Астрология. (1) Звезда Правды ослабела; DIŠ MUL ki-tu4 ŠER2.ŠER2 KUR ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu […] «Если Звезда Правды ослабела: странa милосердие и мир […]» [ACh Ištar, 25:26]. (2) Звезда Правды приближается к Короне Ану; [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u4 a-na mulAGA.AN.NA TE dSAG.UŠ ina ŠA3 mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-ma «[Если Звезда Прав]ды к Короне Ану приближается, (это означает): Сатурн в середине Небесного Быка появляется» [ACh Ištar, 30:20]. |
Example |
| Kurtik (2022, k22) | Gössmann (1950) |
| = «Звезда правды (и справедливости)»; эпитет Сатурна [G. 230], см. g11GI.GI. |
References
- ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
- ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
- ↑ Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
- ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
- ↑ Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Koch J. Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.
- ↑ Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
