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Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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<sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.KUN (𒀯𒄑𒆲) = ''rapaštu'': An asterism consisting of multiple stars forming a body part (hip, loin, thigh) of the larger constellation 'The Lion' (Leo).  
<sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.KUN (𒀯𒄑𒆲) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Leo]].


==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
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Var. designations:  
Var. designations:  


* 1) = ziqpu XXIII, a group of stars in the constellation Leo (Leo),  
* 1) = ''ziqpu'' XXIII, a group of stars in the constellation Leo (Leo),  
* 2) was among the "normal stars" (= θ Leonis) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":0">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 18; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 955a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> R, 154a; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 163, IV 4].
* 2) was among the "normal stars" (= θ Leonis) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":0">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 18; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 955a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> R, 154a; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 163, IV 4].
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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!Sources!!Identifications
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|-
|'''List of ziqpu-stars.'''
|'''List of ''ziqpu''-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:  
* (1) AO 6478:  
** a) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA MUL 4 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub> | EN MUL 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ. KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "3⅓ min. weight, 200 on earth, 36,000 miles in the sky / From 4 stars on its (Lion's) Chest to 2 stars on its Thighs",  
** a) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA MUL 4 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub> | EN MUL 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "3⅓ mina weight, 20° on earth, 36,000 miles in the sky / From the 4 stars on its (the Lion's) Chest to the 2 stars on its Thigh",  
** b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN | TA MUL 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> | EN MUL DILI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "1⅔ min weight, 100 on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From 2 stars on its thigh to a separate star on its tail" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:15-18; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 15-18; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J.  ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].  
** b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN | TA MUL 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> | EN MUL DILI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From the 2 stars on its thigh to the single star on its tail" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:15-18; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 15-18; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J.  ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].  
* (2) VAT 16437:  
* (2) VAT 16437:  
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''ra-pa-a''[''š-ti''] "200 to 2 (stars) on thi[gh]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" />, 225:17].
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''ra-pa-a''[''š-ti''] "20° to the 2 (stars) on the thi[gh]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" />, 225:17].
* (3) VAT 16436:  
* (3) VAT 16436:  
** MUL<sub>2</sub> 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> // 2 // 21 IGI 6 ME KUŠ "2 stars on its thigh // 2 (stars) // 21600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" />, 226-7:14].
** MUL<sub>2</sub> 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> // 2 // 21 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ "2 stars on its thigh // 2 (stars) // 21600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" />, 226-7:14].
* (4) BM 38369+:  
* (4) BM 38369+:  
** a) TA GABA ''ša'' <sup>[m]ul</sup>UR.GU.[LA] / EN 2 MUL.M[EŠ ''š'']''a ra-pal-ti-šu''<sub>2</sub>[...] "From Lion[s] chest to 2 stars on his hip [...]",  
** a) TA GABA ''ša'' <sup>[m]ul</sup>UR.GU.[LA] / EN 2 MUL.M[EŠ ''š'']''a ra-pal-ti-šu''<sub>2</sub>[...] "From the Lion[s] chest to the 2 stars on its hip [...]",
** b) TA 2 M[UL. ME]Š ''ša ra-pal-t''[''i-šu''<sub>2</sub>] / ˹EN˺ [''is-ḫu-u'']''n-na-at'' KUN-''šu'' ½ D[ANNA] "From 2 stars on his hip, to the brush of his tail ½ m[or] (=150)" [Horowitz 1994a,<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref> 91-92:14-17].  
** b) TA 2 M[UL. ME]Š ''ša ra-pal-t''[''i-šu''<sub>2</sub>] / ˹EN˺ [''is-ḫu-u'']''n-na-at'' KUN-''šu'' ½ D[ANNA] "From the 2 stars on its hip, to the brush of its tail ½ m[ile] (=15°)" [Horowitz 1994a,<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref> 91-92:14-17].  
* (5) Nippur Planisphere:  
* (5) Nippur Planisphere:  
** a) [⅔ DAN]NA ''ana'' 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL <<2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub>>> GIŠ.[KUN]-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "[⅔ mi]li (200) to two stars on his thigh" (rev. 22),  
** a) [⅔ DAN]NA ''ana'' 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL <<2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub>>> GIŠ.[KUN]-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "[⅔ mi]le (20°) to the two stars on its thigh" (rev. 22),
** b) 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.˹KUN<sup>!</sup> ''šu''<sub>2</sub>˺ "two (stars) on its thigh," the diagram shows 2 points (obv., Segment 3) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 172-173:22, 177-179]. See also LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref> 1502: 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ana ziq''-''p''[''i''...] "2 (stars) on its thighs culminate" [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76:3].  
** b) 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.˹KUN<sup>!</sup> ''šu''<sub>2</sub>˺ "two (stars) on its thigh," the diagram shows 2 points (obv., Segment 3) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 172-173:22, 177-179]. See also LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref> 1502: 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ana ziq''-''p''[''i''...] "2 (stars) on its thigh culminate" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76:3].  
* Anaphora. A 3427:  
* Anaphora. A 3427:  
** 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> (in determining the rising times of the twelfth section of the zodiac sign Scorpius) [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238-239:9-10].
** 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> (in determining the rising times of the twelfth section of the zodiacal sign Scorpius) [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238-239:9-10].
|.
|.
|-
|-
|'''GU text.'''
|'''GU text.'''
* (I) 2 ˹mul˺.meš ša<sub>2</sub> giš.kun "2 stars on the thigh of Leo" (ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":3">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:14], see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
* (I) 2 ˹mul˺.meš ''ša''<sub>2</sub> giš.kun "2 stars on the thigh (of the Lion)" (''ziqpu'' XXIII: δ, θ Leo) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":3">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:14], see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
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|-
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''  
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''  
As a "normal star" GIŠ.KUN UR.A/A "Leo's Thigh" (= θ Leonis) was regularly used in "diaries" to record the positions of the moon and planets [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":0" />, passim]; the earliest example: ''dele-bat ina'' ŠU<sub>2</sub> ''ana tar-ṣa'' GIŠ.KUN UR.[A...] "Venus was on the west side, opposite Leo's Thigh" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":0" />, -567:13].  
As a "normal star" GIŠ.KUN UR.A/A "Leo's Thigh" (= θ Leonis) was regularly used in "diaries" to record the positions of the moon and planets [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":0" />, passim]; the earliest example: ''dele-bat ina'' ŠU<sub>2</sub> ''ana tar-ṣa'' GIŠ.KUN UR.[A...] "Venus was in the west, opposite Leo's Thigh" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":0" />, -567:13].  
|
|
|-
|-
|'''Late Astrology.'''
|'''Late Astrology.'''
* W 23313/3: DIŠ KI MUL 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> U<sub>3</sub>.TU UŠ<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> [...] "If he is born when 2 stars (culminate) on the thighs of it (= Leo): his death [...]" [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:6']. See also U.197 obv. 2': múl 2 ša<sub>2</sub> ''rap-pa-a''[''š''<sub>2</sub><sup>(?)</sup>-''ti-šu''<sub>2</sub>] [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 74]. 
* W 23313/3: DIŠ KI MUL 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> U<sub>3</sub>.TU UŠ<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> [...] "If he is born when the 2 stars on the thigh of it (= Leo) (culminate): his death [...]" [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:6']. See also U.197 obv. 2': múl 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''rap-pa-a''[''š''<sub>2</sub><sup>(?)</sup>-''ti-šu''<sub>2</sub>] [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 74]. 
|
|
|-
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''  
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''  
* gi[š].kun [...] 20<sup>(?)</sup> a<sup>(?)</sup> "Lower Back(??) [of the Lion ...]: 20(?) the Lion(?)" (θ Leonis) [Sachs 1952a<ref>''Sachs A.'' A Late Babylonian Star Catalogue // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 146-150.</ref>, 146:1′; Hunger-Pingree 199<ref name=":4">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 149-150].  
* gi[š].kun [...] 20<sup>(?)</sup> a<sup>(?)</sup> "Lower Back(??) [of the Lion ...]: 20(?) the Lion(?)" (θ Leonis) [Sachs 1952a<ref>''Sachs A.'' A Late Babylonian Star Catalogue // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 146-150.</ref>, 146:1′; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":4">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 149-150].  


In modern editions of BM 46083: GIŠ.KUN [...] x 22 "The sacrum [of the Lion...] 22." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 563-564].
In a later edition of BM 46083: GIŠ.KUN [...] x 22 "The sacrum [of the Lion...] 22." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 563-564].
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          = δ Leonis [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 163, IV 4],
          = δ Leonis [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 163, IV 4],


          = δ, θ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" />, 222, 229; Hunger-Pingree 199<ref name=":4" />, 87-88; Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":3" />, 320; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 57].
          = δ, θ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" />, 222, 229; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":4" />, 87-88; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":3" />, 320; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 57].
==Historical Dictionaries==
==Historical Dictionaries==
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[[Category:Mesopotamian]]  
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]  
[[Category:Sumerian]]  
[[Category:Sumerian]]  
[[Category:West Asian]]  
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Leo]]

Latest revision as of 10:31, 29 June 2026

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Susanne M Hoffmann, Jan Safford, Hermann Hunger, Wayne Horowitz, Youla Azkarrula

mulGIŠ.KUN (𒀯𒄑𒆲) = rapaštu: An asterism consisting of multiple stars forming a body part (hip, loin, thigh) of the larger constellation 'The Lion' (Leo).

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

UR.GU.LA drawing by Robert Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016), adapted to the star chart by Susanne M Hoffmann (2024)

= (mul)Rapaštu (𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈) Akkadian parallel, a body part. Kurtik translates GIŠ.KUN as "Thigh"(?), but (mul)Rapaštu "hip", although they are equated in ancient texts.

Var. designations:

  • 1) = ziqpu XXIII, a group of stars in the constellation Leo (Leo),
  • 2) was among the "normal stars" (= θ Leonis) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I[2], 18; AHw[3], 955a; CAD[4] R, 154a; Gössmann[5] 163, IV 4].
Sources Identifications
List of ziqpu-stars.
  • (1) AO 6478:
    • a) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN(=šuqultu) | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 36 lim DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 | EN MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 "3⅓ mina weight, 20° on earth, 36,000 miles in the sky / From the 4 stars on its (the Lion's) Chest to the 2 stars on its Thigh",
    • b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 lim DANNA ina KI.MIN | TA MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 | EN MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From the 2 stars on its thigh to the single star on its tail" [Thureau-Dangin 1913[6], 217:15-18; TU[7], 21 r. 15-18; HBA[8], 133; Schaumberger 1952[9], 228-229].
  • (2) VAT 16437:
    • ⅔ DANNA a-na 2 ša2 mulra-pa-a[š-ti] "20° to the 2 (stars) on the thi[gh]" [Schaumberger 1952[9], 225:17].
  • (3) VAT 16436:
    • MUL2 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 // 2 // 21 lim 6 me KUŠ "2 stars on its thigh // 2 (stars) // 21600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952[9], 226-7:14].
  • (4) BM 38369+:
    • a) TA GABA ša [m]ulUR.GU.[LA] / EN 2 MUL.M[EŠ š]a ra-pal-ti-šu2[...] "From the Lion[s] chest to the 2 stars on its hip [...]",
    • b) TA 2 M[UL. ME]Š ša ra-pal-t[i-šu2] / ˹EN˺ [is-ḫu-u]n-na-at KUN-šu ½ D[ANNA] "From the 2 stars on its hip, to the brush of its tail ½ m[ile] (=15°)" [Horowitz 1994a,[10] 91-92:14-17].
  • (5) Nippur Planisphere:
    • a) [⅔ DAN]NA ana 2 ša2 MUL <<2 ša2>> GIŠ.[KUN]-šu2 "[⅔ mi]le (20°) to the two stars on its thigh" (rev. 22),
    • b) 2 ša2 GIŠ.˹KUN! šu2˺ "two (stars) on its thigh," the diagram shows 2 points (obv., Segment 3) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001[11], 172-173:22, 177-179]. See also LBAT[12] 1502: 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 ana ziq-p[i...] "2 (stars) on its thigh culminate" [Donbaz and Koch 1995[13], 76:3].
  • Anaphora. A 3427:
    • 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 (in determining the rising times of the twelfth section of the zodiacal sign Scorpius) [Schaumberger 1955[14], 238-239:9-10].
 .
GU text.
  • (I) 2 ˹mul˺.meš ša2 giš.kun "2 stars on the thigh (of the Lion)" (ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo) [Pingree and Walker 1988[15], BM 78161:14], see (Kurtik u17) UR.A.
Dalbanna-text.
  • §О. [...giš.kun ur.gu.la]? "[...thigh of the Lion]" (θ Leo), see (Kurtik m18) MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR.
"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".

As a "normal star" GIŠ.KUN UR.A/A "Leo's Thigh" (= θ Leonis) was regularly used in "diaries" to record the positions of the moon and planets [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III[2], passim]; the earliest example: dele-bat ina ŠU2 ana tar-ṣa GIŠ.KUN UR.[A...] "Venus was in the west, opposite Leo's Thigh" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I[2], -567:13].

Late Astrology.
  • W 23313/3: DIŠ KI MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 U3.TU UŠ2-šu2 [...] "If he is born when the 2 stars on the thigh of it (= Leo) (culminate): his death [...]" [SpTU V[16], 265:6']. See also U.197 obv. 2': múl 2 ša2 rap-pa-a[š2(?)-ti-šu2] [Sachs 1952[17], 74]. 
Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.
  • gi[š].kun [...] 20(?) a(?) "Lower Back(??) [of the Lion ...]: 20(?) the Lion(?)" (θ Leonis) [Sachs 1952a[18], 146:1′; Hunger and Pingree 1999[19], 149-150].

In a later edition of BM 46083: GIŠ.KUN [...] x 22 "The sacrum [of the Lion...] 22." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004[20], 563-564].

Additional

Previous Identification.

          = δ Leonis [Gössmann[5] 163, IV 4],

          = δ, θ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952[9], 222, 229; Hunger and Pingree 1999[19], 87-88; Pingree and Walker 1988[15], 320; Koch 1992[21], 57].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, g23) Gössmann (1950)
= rapaštu «Бедро»(?); 1) = ziqpu XXIII, группа звезд в созвездии Льва (Leo), 2) входила в число «нормальных звезд» (=  θ Leonis) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 18; AHw, 955a; CAD R, 154a; Gössman 1950, 163, IV 4].

I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN(=šuqultu) | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 | EN MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От 4 звезд на его (Льва) Груди до 2 звезд на его Бедре»,  b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN | TA MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 | EN MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От 2 звезд на его бедре до Отдельной звезды на его хвосте» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:15–18; TU, 21 r. 15–18; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA a-na 2 ša2 mulra-pa-a[š-ti] «200 до 2 (звезд) на бед[ре]» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:17]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 // 2 // 21 IGI 6 ME KUŠ «2 звезды на его бедре // 2 (звезды) // 21600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–7:14]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA GABA ša [m]ulUR.GU.[LA] / EN 2 MUL.M[EŠ š]a ra-pal-ti-šu2[…] «От груди Ль[ва] до 2 зве[зд н]а его бедре […]», b) TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ša ra-pal-t[i-šu2] / ˹EN˺ [is-ḫu-u]n-na-at KUN-šu ½ D[ANNA] «От 2 зв[езд] на его бед[ре], до кисти его хвоста ½ м[или] (=150)» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:14–17]. (5) Nippur Planisphere: a) [⅔ DAN]NA ana 2 ša2 MUL <<2 ša2>> GIŠ.[KUN]-šu2 «[⅔ ми]ли (200) до двух звезд на его бедре» (rev. 22), b) 2 ša2 GIŠ.˹KUN!-šu2˺ «две (звезды) на его бедре», на диаграмме изображены 2 точки (obv., Segment 3) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 172–173:22, 177–179]. См. также LBAT 1502: 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 ana ziq-p[i…] «2 (звезды) на его бедре кульминируют» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76:3]. Aнафора. A 3427: 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 (при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Скорпион) [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:9–10]. GU-текст. (I) 2 ˹mul˺.meš ša2 giš.kun «2 звезды на бедре Льва» (ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:14], см. u17UR.A. Dalbanna-текст. §О. […giš.kun ur.gu.la]? «[…бедро Льва]» (θ Leo), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. «Дневники наблюдений». Как «нормальная звезда» GIŠ.KUN UR.A/A «Бедро Льва» (= θ Leonis) регулярно использовалась в «дневниках» для фиксации положений Луны и планет [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; самый ранний пример: dele-bat ina ŠU2 ana tar-ṣa GIŠ.KUN UR.[A…] «Венера была на западе напротив Бедра Льва» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, -567:13]. Поздняя астрология. W 23313/3: DIŠ KI MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 U3.TU UŠ2-šu2 […] «Если он родился, когда 2 звезды на его (= Льва) бедре (кульминируют): его смерть […]» [SpTU V, 265:6']. См. также U.197 obv. 2': múl 2 ša2 rap-pa-a[š2(?)-ti-šu2] [Sachs 1952, 74].  Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. gi[š].kun […] 20(?) a(?) «Поясница(??) [Льва …]: 20(?) Льва(?)» (θ Leonis) [Sachs 1952a, 146:1′; Hunger-Pingree 199, 149–150]. В современном издании BM 46083: GIŠ.KUN […] x 22 «Крестец [Льва…] 22» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 563–564].

II. Отождествление.

=  δ Leonis [Gössman 1950, 163, IV 4],

= δ, θ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 222, 229; Hunger-Pingree 199, 87–88; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320; Koch 1992, 57].

Example
Kurtik (2022, r02)

(mul)Rapaštu
аккадская параллель к GIŠ.KUN «Бедро»; = ziqpu XXIII, группа звезд в созвездии Льва (Leo), см. g23GIŠ.KUN.

References

  1. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Sachs A., Hunger H. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.
  3. ↑ Soden von W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
  4. ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  6. ↑ Thureau-Dangin F. Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.
  7. ↑ Thureau-Dangin F. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).
  8. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Schaumberger J.  Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.
  10. ↑ Horowitz W. Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.
  11. ↑ Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.
  12. ↑ A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier, Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.
  13. ↑ Donbaz V., Koch J. Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.
  14. ↑ Schaumberger J. Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Pingree D., Walker C. A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.
  16. ↑ URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.
  17. ↑ Sachs A. Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.
  18. ↑ Sachs A. A Late Babylonian Star Catalogue // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 146-150.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
  20. ↑ Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F. A Late Babylonian Normal and Ziqpu Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.
  21. ↑ Koch J. Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.
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