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[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG|thumb|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]
[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG|thumb|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]
<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is a Babylonian name meaning "Enclosure" and designates a star or constellation in [[Leo]]. Other ideas may have been held by other ancient scholars as well: The exact sense of the various renderings of the terms with e<sub>2</sub>.tur.ra range from identifications with 'The Lion' constellation to the closest sense of what might be a full-sky constellation in cuneiform. EAE (2) equates <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA with the entire sky, based on a view of the stars as cattle in their enclosure: this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz  W.  2010:  “Stars,  Cows,  Semicircles  and  Domes:  Astronomical  Creation  Myths  and  the Mathematical  Universe,”  in  W. Horowitz,  U.  Gabbay,  and  F.  Vukosavoviæ,  eds.,  A  Woman  of  Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359
<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is aSumerian name meaning with a literal meaning "House of the Enclosure" (Akkadian ''bīt tarbāṣi''), with reference to animal enclosures, in particular cattle-pens.  In astronomy it occurs both as a designation for a star or asterism in [[Leo]], with other references, particularly a commentary to Enuma Anu Enlil suggesting e<sub>2</sub>.tur.ra includes all three paths of the traditional Mesopotamian sky (The Paths of Anu, Enlil, Ea), perhaps to be interpreted as this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz  W.  2010:  “Stars,  Cows,  Semicircles  and  Domes:  Astronomical  Creation  Myths  and  the Mathematical  Universe,”  in  W. Horowitz,  U.  Gabbay,  and  F.  Vukosavoviæ,  eds.,  A  Woman  of  Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Horowitz 2014: 11-13, Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359


https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).   
https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).   
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|-
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''
|'''Lexical texts'''
Urra XXII series:  
Series Urra XXII:  


* [<sup>mul</sup>''e''-TU-''r'']''a-am-me'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''a-nu-ni-tum''  
* [<sup>mul</sup>''e''-TU-''r'']''a-am-me'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''a-nu-ni-tum''  
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** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim<sub>2</sub> (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim<sub>2</sub> = ''banû'' "to create"], (therefore) it is called "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 22-22a; Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 121].
** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim<sub>2</sub> (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim<sub>2</sub> = ''banû'' "to create"], (therefore) it is called "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 22-22a; Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 121].
* (3) DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA.ME SUKKAL <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ<sub>2</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ''nap-ša''<sub>2</sub> KUR GU<sub>7</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ. I<sub>3</sub> GAL<sub>2</sub>  
* (3) DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA.ME SUKKAL <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ<sub>2</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ''nap-ša''<sub>2</sub> KUR GU<sub>7</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ. I<sub>3</sub> GAL<sub>2</sub>  
** "If Eturame, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches Šupa, this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will enjoy a plentyful harvest; there will be a harvest of barley and sesame" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2" /> 2, 78 i 7].
** "If Eturame, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches Šupa, in this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will enjoy a plentyful harvest; there will be a harvest of barley and sesame" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2" /> 2, 78 i 7].
|Here we are not sure how to read the text
|Here we are not sure how to read the text


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* (2) can be read as genitive or plural, leading to the interpretation of an all sky-constellation
* (2) can be read as genitive or plural, leading to the interpretation of an all sky-constellation
|-
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea." ??? The word for "mixed stuff" is miscellanea; miscellania occurs in films etc. as a topographic feature ???'''  
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea."'''  
* <sup>mul</sup>''e-tu''<sup>!</sup>-''ram-mi'' = <sup>mul</sup>min(=ur.gu.la)  
* <sup>mul</sup>''e-tu''<sup>!</sup>-''ram-mi'' = <sup>mul</sup>min(=ur.gu.la)  
* "Eturammi = Lion." [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:137].
* "Eturammi = Lion." [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:137].
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==== Deity. ====
==== Deity. ====
In astrological and lexical texts Eturammi is associated with the goddess Anunitu. In the AN series: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (V 202): [<sup>d</sup>''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke<sub>4</sub> "Eturammi is a messenger of Birdu". [Litke 1998<ref name=":5">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 187]; <sup>d</sup>Bi.ir.du (= <sup>d</sup>Binibu) is one of the names of Nergal [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 277; Litke 1998<ref name=":5" />, 185, note 191].
In astrological and lexical texts Eturammi is associated with the goddess Anunitu. In the series AN : <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (V 202): [<sup>d</sup>''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke<sub>4</sub> "Eturammi is a messenger of Birdu" [Litke 1998<ref name=":5">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 187]; <sup>d</sup>Bi.ir.du (= <sup>d</sup>Binibu) is one of the names of Nergal [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 277; Litke 1998<ref name=":5" />, 185, note 191].


==== Previous Identification. ====
==== Previous Identification. ====
According to [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11] the given names refer to one luminary whose identification is not clear. Gössmann treats <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR.RA and <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TU.RA.ME as two different luminaries without providing any reasoning [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 130, 131]. <sup>mul</sup>eturammi in the "Great Star List and Miscellenea" may be considered as being an integral part of the constellation UR.GU.LA "Lion" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 193, notes]. In the prediction [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7] <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.ME moves relative to fixed stars, which makes its identification with a planet (Venus, Mars?) probable. See (Kurtik t10) [[TUR3|TUR<sub>3</sub>]] also in this connection. According to Koch, <sup>mul</sup>''tarbāṣu'' — is the Sun, its rising point which moves throughout the year within the area of the horizon, which had the mythological name E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> [Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 123], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 24b].
According to [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11] the given names refer to one luminary whose identification is not clear. Gössmann treats <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR.RA and <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TU.RA.ME as two different luminaries without providing any reasoning [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 130, 131]. <sup>mul</sup>eturammi in the "Great Star List and Miscellanea" may be considered as being an integral part of the constellation UR.GU.LA "Lion" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 193, notes]. In the prediction [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7] <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.ME moves relative to fixed stars, which makes its identification with a planet (Venus, Mars?) probable. See (Kurtik t10) [[TUR3|TUR<sub>3</sub>]] also in this connection. According to Koch, <sup>mul</sup>''tarbāṣu'' — is the Sun, its rising point which moves throughout the year within the area of the horizon, which had the mythological name E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> [Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 123], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 24b].


==Historical Dictionaries==  
==Historical Dictionaries==  

Latest revision as of 17:51, 24 May 2026

Authors: Susanne M Hoffmann, Gennady E. Kurtik, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Wayne Horowitz, Hermann Hunger, Youla Azkarrula, Jan Safford

the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).

mulE2.TUR3 (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is aSumerian name meaning with a literal meaning "House of the Enclosure" (Akkadian bīt tarbāṣi), with reference to animal enclosures, in particular cattle-pens. In astronomy it occurs both as a designation for a star or asterism in Leo, with other references, particularly a commentary to Enuma Anu Enlil suggesting e2.tur.ra includes all three paths of the traditional Mesopotamian sky (The Paths of Anu, Enlil, Ea), perhaps to be interpreted as this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,[1] Horowitz 2014: 11-13, Rochberg 2010[2]). 

Concordance, Etymology, History[3]

= tarbāṣu, 'enclosure (for cattle)';

Variant designations:

  • mulE2.TUR3.RA,
  • mulE.TU.RA.ME,
  • mulE.TU.RA.AM.MA/MI;
  • = muleturammi 'Eturammi star' [BPO 2[4], 11; Gössmann 1950[5] 130, 131].

The surviving Sumerian also allows for readings with the genitive MUL e2-tu-ra, the Star(s) of the  Enclosure, and plural MUL e2-tu-ra-ME 'the stars of the enclosure'.

Sources Identifications
Lexical texts

Series Urra XXII:

  • [mule-TU-r]a-am-me = sukkal da-nu-ni-tum
    • "Enclosure = Messenger of Anunitu", [mule-tu-r]a?-am-me = mulur.gu.la "Eturammi? = Lion."
    • [Cavigneaux 1979[6], 134, 17:19-20; Bloch and Horowitz 2015[7], 110:313ʹ], see also [ACh Suppl.[8] 2, 78 i 7].
 These restaurations of the text are not secure.
EAE.
  • (1) mulE2.TUR3 NAM ar-ku: pa-ar-ku E2.TUR3
    • "The star of the Enclosure ... long(?), or ... of the enclosure" [BPO 2[4], III 21; Koch 1989[9], 120-121].
  • (2) mulE2.TUR3.RA DIM2.MA.AN.NA [DUG4.GA?] / a-na nap-ḫar AN-e DIM2: na[p-ḫa-ru (DIM2 = banû )] a-na bi-nu-ut AN-e i-qab-bi
    • "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM2.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim2 (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim2 = banû "to create"], (therefore) it is called "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2[4], III 22-22a; Koch 1989[9], 121].
  • (3) DIŠ mulE2.TUR3.RA.ME SUKKAL mulA-nu-ni-tu4 ana mulŠU.PA TE / ina MU BI ina TIL MU LUGAL UŠ2 BURU14 nap-ša2 KUR GU7 BURU14 ŠE u ŠE.GIŠ. I3 GAL2
    • "If Eturame, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches Šupa, in this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will enjoy a plentyful harvest; there will be a harvest of barley and sesame" [ACh Suppl.[8] 2, 78 i 7].
 Here we are not sure how to read the text
  • (1) not translated in BPO 2[4]
  • (2) can be read as genitive or plural, leading to the interpretation of an all sky-constellation
"The Great Star List and Miscellanea."
  • mule-tu!-ram-mi = mulmin(=ur.gu.la)
  • "Eturammi = Lion." [Mesop.Astrol.[10], App. B:137].
 In this case, the identification seems to be the constellation Leo, UR.GU.LA

Additional

Deity.

In astrological and lexical texts Eturammi is associated with the goddess Anunitu. In the series AN : dAnum (V 202): [dE]-tu-ra-am-mi = sukkal dBi-i-ir-du.ke4 "Eturammi is a messenger of Birdu" [Litke 1998[11], 187]; dBi.ir.du (= dBinibu) is one of the names of Nergal [Tallqvist 1938[12], 277; Litke 1998[11], 185, note 191].

Previous Identification.

According to [BPO 2[4], 11] the given names refer to one luminary whose identification is not clear. Gössmann treats mulE2.TUR.RA and mulE2.TU.RA.ME as two different luminaries without providing any reasoning [Gössmann[5] 130, 131]. muleturammi in the "Great Star List and Miscellanea" may be considered as being an integral part of the constellation UR.GU.LA "Lion" [Mesop.Astrol.[10], 193, notes]. In the prediction [ACh Suppl.[13] 2, 78 i 7] mulE.TU.RA.ME moves relative to fixed stars, which makes its identification with a planet (Venus, Mars?) probable. See (Kurtik t10) TUR3 also in this connection. According to Koch, multarbāṣu — is the Sun, its rising point which moves throughout the year within the area of the horizon, which had the mythological name E2.TUR3 [Koch 1989[9], 123], see also [BPO 2[4], III 24b].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022) Gössmann (1950)
= tarbāṣu «Загон (для скота)»; вар. обозначения: mulE2.TUR3.RA, mulE.TU.RA.ME, mulE.TU.RA.AM.MA/MI; = muleturammi «Звезда Этурамми» [BPO 2, 11; G. 130, 131]. Example
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: [mule-TU-r]a-am-me = sukkal da-nu-ni-tum «Загон = Посланник Ануниту», [mule-tu-r]a?-am-me = mulur.gu.la «Этурамми? = Лев» [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:19–20; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:313ʹ], см. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7]. EAE. (1) mulE2.TUR3 NAM ar-ku: pa-ar-ku E2.TUR3 «Звезда Загон вдоль (движется), (что соответствует) лежащему поперек загону» [BPO 2, III 21; Koch 1989, 120–121]. (2) mulE2.TUR3.RA DIM2.MA.AN.NA [DUG4.GA?] / a-na nap-ḫar AN-e DIM2 : na[p-ḫa-ru (DIM2 = banû )] a-na bi-nu-ut AN-e i-qab-bi «Загон (относится к) DIM2.MA.AN.NA / то есть ко всему небу, (потому что) dim2 (означает) “сово[купность”, (кроме того) dim2 = banû “создавать”], (поэтому) это названо “для созданий? неба”« [BPO 2, III 22–22a; Koch 1989, 121]. (3) DIŠ mulE2.TUR3.RA.ME SUKKAL mulA-nu-ni-tu4 ana mulŠU.PA TE / ina MU BI ina TIL MU LUGAL UŠ2 BURU14 nap-ša2 KUR GU7 BURU14 ŠE u ŠE.GIŠ.I3 GAL2 «Если Этурамме, посланник Ануниту, к Шупе приближается, в этом году (в конце года) царь умрет; страна будет есть урожай вдоволь; урожай хлеба и сезама» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7]. «Большой список звезд». mule-tu!-ram-mi = mulmin(=ur.gu.la) «Этурамми = Лев» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:137].

II. Божество.

В астрологических и лексических текстах Этурамми связано с богиней Ануниту. В серии AN : dAnum (V 202): [dE]-tu-ra-am-mi = sukkal dBi-i-ir-du.ke4 «Этурамми — посланник Бирду» [Litke 1998, 187]; dBi.ir.du (= dBinibu) — одно из имен Нергала [Tallqvist 1938, 277; Litke 1998,185, note 191].

III. Отождествление.

Согласно [BPO 2, 11], приведенные варианты названия относятся к одному светилу, отождествление которого неясно. Гёсман трактует mulE2.TUR.RA и mulE2.TU.RA.ME как два разных светила, не аргументируя [G. 130, 131]. muleturammi в «Большом спиcке звезд» может обозначать часть созвездия UR.GU.LA «Лев» [Mesop.Astrol., 193, notes]. В предсказании [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7] mulE.TU.RA.ME движется относительно неподвижных звезд, что делает вероятным его отождествление с планетой (Венерой, Марсом?). См. в этой связи также t10TUR3. Согласно Коху, multarbāṣu — это Солнце, точка восхода которого перемещается на протяжении года относительно участка горизонта, имевшего мифологическое название E2.TUR3 [Koch 1989, 123], см.  также [BPO 2, III 24b].

Example

References

  1. ↑ Horowitz  W.  2010:  “Stars,  Cows,  Semicircles  and  Domes:  Astronomical  Creation  Myths  and  the Mathematical  Universe,”  in  W. Horowitz,  U.  Gabbay,  and  F.  Vukosavoviæ,  eds.,  A  Woman  of  Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.
  2. ↑ Francesca Rochberg (2010). SHEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359 https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml
  3. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  6. ↑ Cavigneaux A. // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.
  7. ↑ Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015):  “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Koch J. Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Litke R.L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).
  12. ↑ Tallqvist K. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.
  13. ↑ Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
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