DUMU.ZI: Difference between revisions

From All Skies Encyclopaedia
← Older edit
Sushoff (talk | contribs)
Administrators, Bureaucrats, User, Users, Bureaucrats, Interface administrators, Administrators, Widget editors
16,647 edits
VisualWikitext
Sushoff (talk | contribs)
Administrators, Bureaucrats, User, Users, Bureaucrats, Interface administrators, Administrators, Widget editors
16,647 edits
 
(8 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
----
[[File:Marriage of Inanna and Dumuzi.png|thumb|An ancient Sumerian depiction of the marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid (public domain).'''''??? they may be a human couple as they have no horned crown ???''''']]
[[File:6c-Dumuzi-feeding-his-flock-1.jpg|thumb|Dumuzi as shepherd / herdsman feeding his flock ([http://www.mesopotamiangods.com/dumuzi-the-shepherd-son-to-enki-ninsun/ src])]]
<sup>mul / d</sup>DUMU.ZI (𒀯𒌉𒍣) is an ancient Mesopotamian god, a shepherd and lover of the goddess of love [[Inanna]] = [[Ištar]] who is identified with Venus. The writing with both the star determinative, <sup>mul</sup>DUMU.ZI is attested in "The Great Star List," here identified with the god Ištaran of Isin, in a short three line section between names for the planets, Mercury and Mars. The god Dumuzi (<sup>d</sup>Dumuzi) is most often identified with the constellation <sup>[[ḪUN.GA2|mul lu<sub>2</sub>]]</sup>[[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]] , 'The Hired Man' (Kurtik, h12).  
[[File:Ama usumgal Dumuzi et quatre quadrupèdes.jpg|thumb|A bull man attacks four quadrupeds. We see the inscription Ama-Ushumgal (𒀭𒂼𒃲𒁔 ''dama-ušumgal''), namesake of the mythical king or shepherd Dumuzi. Archaic dynasty II (CC0)]]
 
<sup>mul / d</sup>DUMU.ZI (𒀯𒌉𒍣) is an ancient Mesopotamian god, a shepherd and lover of the goddess of love [[INANNA|Inanna]] = [[Ištar]] who is identified with Venus. The writing with both the star determinative, <sup>mul</sup>DUMU.ZI is attested in "The Great Star List," here identified with the god Ištaran of Isin, in a short three line section between names for the planets, Mercury and Mars. The god Dumuzi (<sup>d</sup>Dumuzi) is most often identified with the constellation <sup>[[ḪUN.GA2|mul lu<sub>2</sub>]]</sup>[[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]] , 'The Hired Man' (Kurtik, h12).  


==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Line 8: Line 10:
* 1) the deity of the constellation <sup>mul</sup> [[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]] "Hired worker" (see h12);  
* 1) the deity of the constellation <sup>mul</sup> [[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]] "Hired worker" (see h12);  
* 2) a planet, possibly Saturn.
* 2) a planet, possibly Saturn.
Dumuzi/Tammuz is the mythical lover of Inanna/Ištar, imagined as a shepherd; as her substitute, he has to spend part of the year in the netherworld.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <sup>d</sup>DUMU.ZI (AN 4r).
Dumuzi/Tammuz is the mythical lover of Inanna/Ištar, imagined as a shepherd; as her substitute, he has to spend part of the year in the netherworld.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <sup>d</sup>DUMU.ZI (Anu, line 4, right).
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 14: Line 16:
|-
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''  
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''  
* In the list of planets(?) on the third place: <sup>mul d</sup>DUMU.ZI [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 2:3; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 129:43].  
* In the list of planets(?) on the third place: <sup>mul d</sup>DUMU.ZI [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 2:3; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 129:43]. <nowiki>[[add new edition??]]</nowiki>
|[[File:Psc+ari+aqr+and.jpg|alt=star chart with constellation images|thumb|Dumuzi, the shepherd god, as Hired Man, as lover of Inanna who is depicted in the constellation Anunitu(m); both east of the One Field-constellation (IKU), and north of the Swallow SIM.MAH and the giant, GU.LA, the god Enki/Ea. Drawings by Robert Perdok and Susanne M Hoffmann 2016, CC-BY, mapped in Stellarium.]]
|[[File:ALT 03 lohnarbeiter bab bbb.png|thumb|Dumuzi as shepherd (CC BY R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster).]]
|-
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''  
|'''MUL.APIN.'''  
* In the list of Anu stars: <sup>mul</sup> <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>Dumu-zi "Hired Man, Dumuzi" (I i 43) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 30]; for a parallel see [STC 1<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, 217:9; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 112].
* In the list of Anu stars:  
** <sup>mul</sup> <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>Dumu-zi  
** "Hired Man, Dumuzi" (I i 43)  
* [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 30]; for a parallel see [STC 1<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, 217:9; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 112].
|[[File:Dumuzi+Innana stellarium-001.jpg|alt=star chart with images|thumb|Hired Man (Dumuzi) and goddess Anunitu(m) in Stellarium (2021). Jessica Gullberg's modern interpretation of the celestial divine couple (CC BY). ]]
|[[File:Dumuzi+Innana stellarium-001.jpg|alt=star chart with images|thumb|Hired Man (Dumuzi) and goddess Anunitu(m) in Stellarium (2021). Jessica Gullberg's modern interpretation of the celestial divine couple (CC BY). ]]
|-
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''  
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''  
* (1) <sup>mul</sup>dumu.[zi] = <sup>d</sup>min(= <sup>d</sup>''ištaran'') "Dumuzi = Ištaran",
* (1)  
* (2) <sup>ul</sup>sig<sub>7</sub> = <sup>d</sup>dumu.zi "Green-yellow star = Dumuzi" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:82, 171].  
** <sup>mul</sup>dumu.[zi] = <sup>d</sup>min(= <sup>d</sup>''ištaran'')  
** "Dumuzi = Ištaran",
* (2)  
** <sup>ul</sup>sig<sub>7</sub> = <sup>d</sup>dumu.zi  
** "Green-yellow star = Dumuzi"  
[Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:82, 171].
|
|
|-
|-
Line 33: Line 43:
An extispicy involving correspondences between the liver fragments, deities, months and stars:  
An extispicy involving correspondences between the liver fragments, deities, months and stars:  


* NA // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> // <sup>iti</sup>BARA<sub>2</sub> [<sup>mul</sup> <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>] / <sup>d</sup>Dumu-zi ... "'The Station' - Enlil; Nisanu; [Hired Man], Dumuzi". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:1-2]; here Dumuzi appears to correspond to <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78].
* NA // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> // <sup>iti</sup>BARA<sub>2</sub> [<sup>mul</sup> <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>] / <sup>d</sup>Dumu-zi ...  
|
* "'The Station' - Enlil; Nisanu; [Hired Man], Dumuzi".  
[SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:1-2]; here Dumuzi appears to correspond to <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78].
|[[File:Psc+ari+aqr+and.jpg|alt=star chart with constellation images|thumb|Dumuzi, the shepherd god, as Hired Man, as lover of Inanna who is depicted in the constellation Anunitu(m); both east of the One Field-constellation (IKU), and north of the Swallow SIM.MAH and the giant, GU.LA, the god Enki/Ea. Drawings by Robert Perdok and Susanne M Hoffmann 2016, CC-BY, mapped in Stellarium.]]
|}
|}
===Additional===
===Additional===


==== II. Deity. ====
==== Deity. ====
          The mythological basis explaining the connection of Dumuzi with the constellation Hired-Worker is unclear. It is likely that the role of Dumuzi, as a shepherd of Anu, probably mattered. On the identification of Dumuzi with Ištaran see [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone  A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 137]. On Dumuzi as a reborn lunar month see [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>].
          The mythological basis explaining the connection of Dumuzi with the constellation Hired-Worker is unclear. It is likely that the role of Dumuzi, as a shepherd of Anu, probably mattered. On the identification of Dumuzi with Ištaran see [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone  A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 137]. On Dumuzi as a reborn lunar month see [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>].


==== III. Symbol. ====
==== Symbol. ====
           During the second half of the first millennium BC, the figure of the constellation Hired-worker was considered a ram, see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]].
           During the second half of the first millennium BC, the figure of the constellation Hired-worker was considered a ram, see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]].


==== IV. Identification. ====
==== Previous Identification. ====
           As a constellation:
           As a constellation:


Latest revision as of 15:06, 3 June 2026

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Susanne M Hoffmann, Hermann Hunger, Wayne Horowitz, Youla Azkarrula

Dumuzi as shepherd / herdsman feeding his flock (src)
A bull man attacks four quadrupeds. We see the inscription Ama-Ushumgal (𒀭𒂼𒃲𒁔 dama-ušumgal), namesake of the mythical king or shepherd Dumuzi. Archaic dynasty II (CC0)

mul / dDUMU.ZI (𒀯𒌉𒍣) is an ancient Mesopotamian god, a shepherd and lover of the goddess of love Inanna = Ištar who is identified with Venus. The writing with both the star determinative, mulDUMU.ZI is attested in "The Great Star List," here identified with the god Ištaran of Isin, in a short three line section between names for the planets, Mercury and Mars. The god Dumuzi (dDumuzi) is most often identified with the constellation mul lu2lu2ḪUN.GA (𒀯𒇽𒂠𒂷) , 'The Hired Man' (Kurtik, h12).

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

Var. designations:

  • 1) the deity of the constellation mul lúḪUN.GA2 "Hired worker" (see h12);
  • 2) a planet, possibly Saturn.

Dumuzi/Tammuz is the mythical lover of Inanna/Ištar, imagined as a shepherd; as her substitute, he has to spend part of the year in the netherworld.[2] dDUMU.ZI (Anu, line 4, right).

Sources Identifications
Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.
  • In the list of planets(?) on the third place: mul dDUMU.ZI [KUB[3] IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2[4], 2:3; Van der Toorn 1985[5], 129:43]. [[add new edition??]]
Dumuzi as shepherd (CC BY R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster).
MUL.APIN.
  • In the list of Anu stars:
    • mul lúḪUN.GA2 dDumu-zi
    • "Hired Man, Dumuzi" (I i 43)
  • [MA[6], 30]; for a parallel see [STC 1[7], 217:9; HBA[8], 112].
star chart with images
Hired Man (Dumuzi) and goddess Anunitu(m) in Stellarium (2021). Jessica Gullberg's modern interpretation of the celestial divine couple (CC BY).
"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".
  • (1)
    • muldumu.[zi] = dmin(= dištaran)
    • "Dumuzi = Ištaran",
  • (2)
    • ulsig7 = ddumu.zi
    • "Green-yellow star = Dumuzi"

[Mesop.Astrol.[9], App. B:82, 171].

"Planisphere" K 8538.
  • Sector 0: along the arrow representing mulkak.si.sa2, the inscription is ddumu.zi [CT[10] 33, 10; Koch 1989[11], 56-61; Kurtik 2007[12], fig. 9].
Late astrology, magic and calendar.

An extispicy involving correspondences between the liver fragments, deities, months and stars:

  • NA // dEn-lil2 // itiBARA2 [mul lúḪUN.GA2] / dDumu-zi ...
  • "'The Station' - Enlil; Nisanu; [Hired Man], Dumuzi".

[SpTU IV[13], 159:1-2]; here Dumuzi appears to correspond to mul lúḪUN.GA2 [Reiner 1995[14], 78].

star chart with constellation images
Dumuzi, the shepherd god, as Hired Man, as lover of Inanna who is depicted in the constellation Anunitu(m); both east of the One Field-constellation (IKU), and north of the Swallow SIM.MAH and the giant, GU.LA, the god Enki/Ea. Drawings by Robert Perdok and Susanne M Hoffmann 2016, CC-BY, mapped in Stellarium.

Additional

Deity.

          The mythological basis explaining the connection of Dumuzi with the constellation Hired-Worker is unclear. It is likely that the role of Dumuzi, as a shepherd of Anu, probably mattered. On the identification of Dumuzi with Ištaran see [Livingstone 1986[15], 137]. On Dumuzi as a reborn lunar month see [Foxvog 1993[16]].

Symbol.

           During the second half of the first millennium BC, the figure of the constellation Hired-worker was considered a ram, see (Kurtik h12) lúḪUN.GA2.

Previous Identification.

           As a constellation:

           = Hired Worker (Aries) [Foxvog 1993[17], 106]; for objections to the identification of mul / dDUMU.ZI with mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA see [ibid.[18]]

           = Orion [Mesop.Astrol.[19], 207, App. C].

           As a planet:

           = Saturn(?) [HBA[20] 61; Lambert 1987a[21], 95-96].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, d13) Gössmann (1950)
1) божество созвездия mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Наемный работник» (см. h12); 2) планета, возможно, Сатурн.

I.  Источники.

Хеттская молитва ночным богам. В списке планет(?) на третьем месте: mul dDUMU.ZI [KUB IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2, 2:3; Van der Toorn 1985, 129:43]. MUL.APIN. В списке звезд Ану: mul lúḪUN.GA2 dDumu-zi «Наемник, Думузи» (I i 43) [MA, 30]; параллель см. [STC 1, 217:9; HBA, 112]. «Большой список звезд». (1) muldumu.[zi] = dmin(= dištaran) «Думузи = Иштаран», (2) ulsig7 = ddumu.zi «Зелено-желтая звезда = Думузи» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:82, 171]. «Планисфера» K 8538. Сектор 0: вдоль стрелы, представляющей mulkak.si.sa2, надпись — ddumu.zi [CT 33, 10; Koch 1989, 56–61; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствия между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: NA // dEn-lil2 // itiBARA2  [mul lúḪUN.GA2] / dDumu-zi … «‘Стоянка’ — Энлиль; Нисану; [Наемник], Думузи» [SpTU IV, 159:1–2]; здесь Думузи, по-видимому, соответствует mul lúḪUN.GA2 [Reiner 1995, 78].

II. Божество.

Мифологическая основа, объясняющая связь Думузи с созвездием Наемный работник, неясна. Вероятно, при этом имела значение роль Думузи как пастуха Ана. Об отождествлении Думузи с Иштараном см. [Livingstone 1986, 137]. О Думузи как возрождающемся лунном месяце см. [Foxvog 1993].

III. Символ.

Во второй половине I тыс. до н.э. фигурой созвездия Наемный работник считался баран, см. h12 lúḪUN.GA2.

IV. Отождествление.

Как созвездие:

= Наемный работник (Aries) [Foxvog 1993, 106]; возражения против отождествления mul / dDUMU.ZI с mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA см. [ibid.].

= Орион (Orion) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

Как планета:

= Сатурн(?) [HBA 61; Lambert 1987a, 95–96].

Example

References

  1. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  2. ↑ Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579
  3. ↑ Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi (Berlin). KBo
  4. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  5. ↑ K. van der Toorn. Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.
  6. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  7. ↑ King L.W. The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.
  8. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  9. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  10. ↑ Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
  11. ↑ Koch J. Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.
  12. ↑ Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
  13. ↑ URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.
  14. ↑ Reiner E. Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.
  15. ↑ Livingstone  A. Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.
  16. ↑ Foxvog D.A. Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.
  17. ↑ Foxvog D.A. Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.
  18. ↑ Foxvog D.A. Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.
  19. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  20. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  21. ↑ Lambert W.G. Babylonian Astrological Omens and Their Stars / JAOS. 1987. V. 107. Р. 93-96.
Retrieved from "https://ase.exopla.net/index.php?title=DUMU.ZI&oldid=44645"