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<sup>mul / d</sup>GAŠAN.TIN (𒀯𒃽𒁷) = <sup>mul</sup>''bēlet balāṭi'', 'The Lady of Life,' a name for stars in [[Lyra]] east of [[Vega]], the fifth brightest star in the sky (also over Ancient Mesopotamia). The name 'Lady of Life' is a name for a constellation in Lyra.
<sup>mul / d</sup>GAŠAN.TIN (𒀯𒃽𒁷) = <sup>mul</sup>''bēlet balāṭi'', 'The Lady of Life,' a name for stars in [[Lyra]], perhaps including Vega itself.  The name occurs in the ''ziqpu''-star tradition, which notes that 'The Lady of Life,' here a  three-star asterism, is separate from the single star of Lyra which is almost certainly [[Vega]], the fifth brightest star in the sky (also over Ancient Mesopotamia).   The name 'Lady of Life' is not included in the earlier stellar repertoire of 'The Three Stars Each' and MUL.APIN suggesting that this name became popular no earlier than the middle of the Neo-Assyrian period.        


==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

Latest revision as of 15:16, 10 June 2026

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Susanne M Hoffmann, Wayne Horowitz, Jan Safford, Hermann Hunger, Youla Azkarrula

mul / dGAŠAN.TIN (𒀯𒃽𒁷) = mulbēlet balāṭi, 'The Lady of Life,' a name for stars in Lyra, perhaps including Vega itself. The name occurs in the ziqpu-star tradition, which notes that 'The Lady of Life,' here a three-star asterism, is separate from the single star of Lyra which is almost certainly Vega, the fifth brightest star in the sky (also over Ancient Mesopotamia).  The name 'Lady of Life' is not included in the earlier stellar repertoire of 'The Three Stars Each' and MUL.APIN suggesting that this name became popular no earlier than the middle of the Neo-Assyrian period.

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

  • = mulbēlet balāṭi "Lady of life";
  • = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Vega) [Gössmann 1950,[2] 68].
Sources Identifications
"Letters."

See. [SAA 10[3], 81:3, 240:9].

Lists of ziqpu-stars.
  • (1) AO 6478:
    • a)
      • 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 lim DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN
      • "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the Single star to the Lady of Life,"
    • b)
      • 3⅓ MA. NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 36 lim DANNA ina KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A
      • "3⅓ mina weight, ⅔ miles on earth, 36000 miles in the sky / From the Lady of Life to the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth". [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15-18; TU[4], 21:15-18; HBA[5], 132; Schaumberger 1952[6], 228-229]; for a parallel see [CT[7] 26, 50, K. 9794:6-7].
  • (2) VAT 16437:
    • 10 UŠ a-na mul[GAŠAN TIN]
    • "10° to [the Lady of Life]." [Schaumberger 1952[8], 224-225:2].
  • (3) VAT 16436:
    • múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 lim 6 me KUŠ3
    • "Lady of Life // 3 (stars) // 3600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952[9], 226-227:24].
  • (4) Sippar Planisphere:
    • 10 UŠ ana mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺
    • "10° to the Lady of Life". [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001[10], 171-173:7]; for a parallel see BM 61677: 10 UŠ a-na be-l[e-et ba-la-ṭi...] [ibid.[11], 180:4′].
  • (5) LBAT 1502.
    • [...] u múlP[a-bi]l-sag MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | dbe-let TIN ana ziq-pi [...]
    • "[...] and P[abi]lsag is the star Antagub. The Lady of Life culminates [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995[12], 76: i 14, ii 13].
Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-stars.

See [Schaumberger 1955[13], 247-251].

GU-text.
  • (T)
    • mulZUBI ša2 mulUZ3 "Staff(?) of the Goat" (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree and Walker 1988[14], BM 78161:31]; according to [Koch 1992[15], 60],

mulzubi ša2 muluz3 is η Lyr, see (Kurtik u31) UZ3 (𒍚, Akkadian Enzu).

Late astrology, magic and the calendar.

Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:

  • MAŠ2 d[...itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN "The lamb is [...]; Ṭebet; the Lady of Life". [SpTU IV[16], 159:18; Reiner 1995[17], 78].

See also U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin [...] [Sachs 1952[18], 75].

Additional

Deity.

         dbēlet balāṭi — an epithet of Damkina [Tallqvist 1938[19], 57-58] who seems to have been identified with the star Vega. Its appearances were observed regularly in the Neo-Assyrian period: [...] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (glossary: li-si) / mulbe-let TI.LA / an-nu-ti / pa-ni-u2-ti / ša ina pa-ni-ti / in-na-me-ru-ni "[...] (stars) Sirius, Antares, Vega — those are the first ones that already became visible" [SAA 10[20], 81: 1'-6', e. 7']. In connection with the lunar eclipse in front of Vega, in addition to other luminaries, there was the ritual of the "lifting of the hands" (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [SAA 10[21], 240: 9]; see also [LAS 2[22]: 177-178].

Previous Identifications.

         = α Lyrae (Vega) [Gössmann[23] 68; Schaumberger 1952[24], 229; Hunger and Pingree 1999[25], 86];

         = η Lyrae [Koch 1992[26], 60];

         = α, ε, ζ Lyrae (according to VAT 16436:24) [Hunger and Pingree 1999[27], 89].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, g09) Gössmann (1950)
= mulbēlet balāṭi «Владычица жизни»; = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68].

I. Источники.

«Письма». См. [SAA 10, 81:3, 240:9]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Владычицы Жизни», b) 3⅓ MA.NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Владычицы Жизни до плеча Демона с Разинутою Пастью» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15–18; TU, 21:15–18; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:6–7]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na mul[GAŠAN TIN] «100 до [Владычицы Жизни]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:2]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Владычица Жизни // 3 (звезды) // 3600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:24]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺ «100 до Владычицы жизни» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:7]; параллель см. в BM 61677: 10 UŠ a-na be-l[e-et ba-la-ṭi…] [ibid., 180:4′]. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. GU-текст. (Т) mulzubi ša2 muluz3 «Посох(?) Козы» (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:31]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], mulzubi ša2 muluz3 — η Lyr, см. u31UZ3. LBAT 1502. […] u múlP[a-bi]l-sag MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | dbe-let TIN ana ziq-pi [...] «[…] и П[аби]лсаг — звезда Антагуб. Владычица Жизни кульминирует […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 14, ii 13]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: MAŠ2 d[…itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN «Ягненок — […]; тебету; Владычица жизни» [SpTU IV, 159:18; Reiner 1995, 78]. См. также U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin […] [Sachs 1952, 75].

II. Божество.

dbēlet balāṭi ― эпитет Дамкины [Tallqvist 1938, 57–58], которая, по-видимому, отождествлялась со звездой Вега. Ее появления наблюдали регулярно в новоассирийский период: […] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (глосса: li-si) / mulbe-let TI.LA / an-nu-ti / pa-ni-u2-ti / ša ina pa-ni-ti / in-na-me-ru-ni «[...] (звезды) Сириус, Антарес, Вега ― те, что первыми стали уже видны» [SAA 10, 81: 1'–6', e. 7']. В связи с лунным затмением перед Вегой наряду с другими светилами совершали ритуал «Воздевания рук» (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [SAA 10, 240:9]; см. также [LAS 2, 177–178].

III. Отождествление.

= α Lyrae (Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68; Schaumberger 1952, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (в соответствии с VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 89].

Example

References

  1. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  2. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  3. ↑ Parpola S. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).
  4. ↑ Thureau-Dangin F. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).
  5. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  6. ↑ Schaumberger J.  Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.
  7. ↑ Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
  8. ↑ Schaumberger J.  Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.
  9. ↑ Schaumberger J.  Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.
  10. ↑ Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.
  11. ↑ Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.
  12. ↑ Donbaz V., Koch J. Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.
  13. ↑ Schaumberger J. Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.
  14. ↑ Pingree D., Walker C. A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.
  15. ↑ Koch J. Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.
  16. ↑ URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.
  17. ↑ Reiner E. Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.
  18. ↑ Sachs A. Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.
  19. ↑ Tallqvist  K. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.
  20. ↑ Parpola S. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).
  21. ↑ Parpola S. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).
  22. ↑ Parpola S. Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.
  23. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  24. ↑ Schaumberger J.  Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.
  25. ↑ Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
  26. ↑ Koch J. Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.
  27. ↑ Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
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