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{{DISPLAYTITLE:al-Kaff al-Ḫaḍīb}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Qaws al-Ǧawzāʾ}}


{{See also|Al-Ṯurayyā_al-Raʾs_wa_al-Yadān}}
{{See also|Al-Hanʿa|Al-Taḥāyī}}


Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
----


[[File:alkaffalhadib.png|thumb|The Arabic asterism ''al-Kaff al-Ḫaḍīb'' (<span dir="rtl">الكَفّ الخَضِيب</span>), ‘the Henna-Dyed Hand’. CC BY, Khalid Al-Ajaji, 2026.]]
[[File:Qawsalgawza.png|thumb|The Arabic asterism ''Qaws al-Ǧawzāʾ'' (<span dir="rtl">قَوْسُ الجَوْزَاءِ</span>), ‘the Bow of al-Ǧawzāʾ’. CC BY, Khalid Al-Ajaji, 2026.]]


''al-Kaff al-Ḫaḍīb'' (<span dir="rtl">الكَفّ الخَضِيب</span>), ‘the Henna-Dyed Hand’, is the northern hand of the larger Arabic constellation ''al-Ṯurayyā'', represented by five bright stars in Cassiopeia.<ref name="qutayba"/><ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>
''Qaws al-Ǧawzāʾ'' (<span dir="rtl">قَوْسُ الجَوْزَاءِ</span>), ‘the Bow of al-Ǧawzāʾ’, is an Arabic asterism of eight stars set on a curve behind the figure of [[al-Ǧawzāʾ]] (Orion), in the modern constellations Gemini and Monoceros. Its grip is [[al-Hanʿa]], the sixth lunar station (γ and ξ Gem); one end of the curve is [[al-Taḥāyī]] (η, μ, ν Gem) and the other end is three faint stars (15, 13 and ε Mon). The Arabs said that al-Ǧawzāʾ shoots from it at the arm of the Lion.<ref name="qutayba"/><ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>


==Concordance, Etymology, History==
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
''al-Kaff al-Ḫaḍīb'' is recorded in the accounts of the larger figure in the ''anwāʾ'' works of Ibn Qutayba, Ibn ʿĀṣim al-Ṯaqafī, and al-Marzūqī, and in al-Ṣūfī’s ''Kitāb al-kawākib''. The relevant passages are reproduced below with their surrounding anatomical context.
''Qaws al-Ǧawzāʾ'' is recorded in the ''anwāʾ'' works of Ibn Qutayba, who quotes it from Adham ibn ʿImrān al-ʿAbdī, and of ibn ʿĀṣim al-Ṯaqafī, and in al-Ṣūfī’s ''Kitāb al-kawākib'', where it is reported of the Arabs and where al-Ṣūfī finds its eight stars in the sky. Al-Marzūqī gives al-Hanʿa and al-Taḥāyī but not the bow.


'''Variants''' Arabic
'''Variants''' Arabic


* ''Sanām al-Nāqa'' (سَنَام النَّاقَة) “the Camel's Hump”
* ''Qaws al-Ǧawzāʾ'' (قوس الجوزاء) “the Bow of al-Ǧawzāʾ”
 


'''Variants''' Latin / European
'''Variants''' Latin / European


. Hyde (1665)<ref name="hyde"/>
* ''kaus al-djauzâ'', Schjellerup (1874)<ref name="Schjellerup"/> (p. 145).
. Ideler (1809)<ref name="ideler"/>
* ''qaws al-ǧawzāʾ'', Kunitzsch (1961)<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/> ((no. 225), pp. 93–94).
. Schjellerup (1874)<ref name="Schjellerup"/>
. Allen (1963)<ref name="Hinckley"/>
. Kunitzsch (1961)<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>
* ''Caph AlChadib'', Hyde (1665)<ref name="hyde"/> (p. 19)
* ''El-khaf el-chadîb'', Ideler (1809)<ref name="ideler"/> (p. 81)
* ''al-kaff al-chadhîb'', Schjellerup (1874)<ref name="Schjellerup"/> (p. 83)
* ''Kaff al Ḣadib'', Allen (1963)<ref name="Hinckley"/> pp. (143–144)
* ''al-kaff al-ḫaḍīb'', Kunitzsch (1961)<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/> (no. 136b, p. 72)


===Etymology===
===Etymology===
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! scope="col" style="width: 42%;" | Arabic
! scope="col" style="width: 42%;" | Arabic
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|''al-Kaff al-Ḫaḍīb''
|''Qaws''
|In ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', s.v. ''k-f-f'' (كفف) and ''ḫ-ḍ-b'' (خضب),<ref name="lisan"/> we read:
|In ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', s.v. ''q-w-s'' (قوس),<ref name="lisan"/> we read:
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
“Al-kaff means ‘hand’ and is grammatically feminine.” … “Al-kaff al-ḫaḍīb is a star, named by comparison [with a hand dyed with henna].”
“Ibn Sīda: ''al-qaws'' is that from which one shoots.”
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
|dir="rtl"|جاء في «لسان العرب»، مادة «كفف»: «والكَفُّ: الْيَدُ، أُنثى.» وفي مادة «خضب»:
|dir="rtl"|جاء في «لسان العرب»، مادة «قوس»:
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
«والكَفُّ الخَضِيبُ: نَجْمٌ عَلَى التَّشْبِيه.»
«ابْنُ سِيدَهْ: القَوْس الَّتِي يُرْمى عَنْهَا.»
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|''al-Ǧawzāʾ''
|The Arabic name of the figure of Orion; see [[al-Ǧawzāʾ]].
|dir="rtl"|اسم صورة الجبّار عند العرب؛ انظر [[al-Ǧawzāʾ]].
|}
|}


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==== Ibn Qutayba ====
==== Ibn Qutayba ====
'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 AH / 889 CE)''', Hyderabad edition (1956)<ref name="qutayba"/> (pp. 32–34):
'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 AH / 889 CE)''', Hyderabad edition (1956)<ref name="qutayba"/> (p. 42):
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|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|dir="ltr"|<blockquote>
|dir="ltr"|<blockquote>
The other is called '''''al-Kaff al-Ḫaḍīb'''''. It is the outstretched hand of ''al-Ṯurayyā'': five white stars in the Milky Way, opposite ''al-Ḥūt'' (“the Fish”).
And Adham b. ʿImrān al-ʿAbdī said: “'''''Al-Hanʿa is the Bow of al-Ǧawzāʾ, with which [she] shoots at the arm of the Lion. It is eight stars in the form of a bow, and in the grip of the bow are the two stars called al-Hanʿa.'''''”
 
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
|dir="rtl"|<blockquote>
|dir="rtl"|<blockquote>
«ويقال للأخرى: '''الكَفُّ الخَضِيبُ'''. وهو '''كَفُّ الثُّرَيَّا المَبْسُوطَةُ'''، خمسة كواكب بيض فـي الـمجرَّة حيال الحُوتِ.»
«وقال أدهم بن عمران العبدي: الهنعة قوس الجوزاء ترمي بها ذراع الأسد. وهي ثمانية أنجم في صورة قوس، ففي مقبض القوس النجمان اللذان يقال لهما الهنعة. »
 
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
|}
|}


==== Al-Ṣūfī ====
==== Al-Ṣūfī ====
'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 AH / 986 CE)''', ed. Khalid Al-Ajaji (2021)<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Cetus and Perseus:
'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 AH / 986 CE)''', ed. Khalid Al-Ajaji (2021)<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Gemini:
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|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|dir="ltr"|<blockquote>
|dir="ltr"|<blockquote>
The Arabs call the stars in the head [of Cetus], from the first to the sixth, '''''al-Kaff al-Ǧaḏmāʾ''''', by which they mean the hand of '''''al-Ṯurayyā'''''. This is because they found two lines of stars extending from ''al-Ṯurayyā''. One runs northwards, passing through most of the stars of the Bearer of the Ghoul’s Head [Perseus] until it reaches the bright stars on the back of ''al-Nāqa'' (“the She-Camel”), which constitute the constellation ''Ḏāt al-Kursī'' (“the Lady of the Chair”) [Cassiopeia]. They likened the bright stars on the She-Camel’s back to henna-dyed fingertips and called this hand '''''al-Kaff al-Ḫaḍīb''''' (“the Henna-Dyed Hand”).
They call the seventeenth and eighteenth, on the feet of the following Twin, '''''al-Hanʿa''''', which is the sixth lunar station; the two are called ''al-Maysān'' and ''al-Zirr'', and it is reported that one of them is ''al-Maysān'' and the other ''al-Zirr''. They call the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth, on the feet of the foremost Twin and in front of his foot, '''''al-Taḥāyī''''', and say that the Moon descends at these stars; this may be so, because they are nearer the ecliptic and the Moon passes over them and does not turn aside to the seventeenth and eighteenth. […]


The other line extends southwards from al-Ṯurayyā, passing through the four stars arranged in a row at the point where the Bull [Taurus] is cut off, and ends at these six stars on the head of Cetus. They likened this line and the stars on the head to an amputated hand because of its shortness and because it does not extend as far as the northern line. They likened ''al-Ṯurayyā'' to a '''head between two hands'''.
South of the eighteenth, which is on the foot of the following Twin, are three aligned stars of the fifth magnitude: between the northern of them and the eighteenth, towards the west and south, about a cubit and a half; the middle one is also a cubit and a half from the northern one; and the southern one is about two cubits from the middle one, towards the south and west. Ptolemy did not mention them. Together with the stars on the legs of the Twins they have come to lie on a curved line behind the constellation of al-Ǧabbār, with ''al-Hanʿa'' in the middle of the curve, at the place of the grip. '''It is reported of the Arabs that they call it ''Qaws al-Ǧawzāʾ'', from which [she] shoots at the arm of the Lion.'''
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
|dir="rtl"|<blockquote>
|dir="rtl"|<blockquote>
«والعرب تُسمِّي الكواكب التي في الرأس من الأول إلى السادس: '''الكَفَّ الجَذْمَاءَ'''، يريدون به كف '''الثُّرَيَّا'''؛ وذلك أنهم وجدوا سطرين من كواكب يمتدان من عند الثُّرَيَّا: أحدهما نحو الشمال فيمر على أكثر كواكب ممسك رأس الغول حتى ينتهي إلى الكواكب النيِّرة التي على ظهر النَّاقَةِ، وهي كوكبة ذَاتِ الكُرْسِيِّ، فشبهوا النيِّرة التي على ظهر النَّاقَةِ بأنامل مخضوبة، فسموا هذه اليد: '''الكَفَّ الخَضِيبَ'''، والآخر يمتد من عند الثُّرَيَّا نحو الجنوب، فيمر على الأربعة المصطفة التي على موضع القطع من الثَّوْرِ، وينقطع عند هذه الستة على رأس قِيطُسَ، فشبهوا هذا السطر والكواكب التي على الرأس بيد جذماء لقصرها، ولأن امتدادها دون امتداد السطر الشمالي، '''وشبهوا الثُّرَيَّا برأس بين يدين'''.»
«وتُسَمِّي السابع عشر والثامن عشر اللذين على قدمي التوأم التالي: الهَنْعَةَ، وهو المنزل السادس من منازل القمر، ويسميان: المَيْسَانَ والزِّرَّ، وقد روي أن أحدهما هو المَيْسَانُ والآخر الزِّرُّ. وتُسَمِّي الرابع عشر والخامس عشر والسادس عشر التي على قدمي التوأم المقدم وقدام قدمه: التَّحَايِيَ، وأن القمر ينزل بهذه الكواكب، ويجوز أن يكون كذلك لأنها أقرب إلى دائرة البروج، والقمر يمر عليها ولا يعدل إلى السابع عشر والثامن عشر. […]
 
وعلى جنوب الثامن عشر الذي على قدم التوأم التالي ثلاثة كواكب مصطفة من القدر الخامس بين الشمالي منها وبين الثامن عشر إلى المغرب والجنوب نحو ذراع ونصف، والأوسط من الشمالي على ذراع ونصف أيضًا، والجنوبي على نحو ذراعين من الأوسط إلى الجنوب والمغرب، لم يذكرها بطلميوس، وقد صارت مع الكواكب التي على رجل التوأمين على خط مقوس خلف كوكبة الجبار، والهَنْعَةُ في وسط التقويس على موضع المقبض، '''وروي عن العرب أنها تسميها قوس الجوزاء ترمي عنها ذراع الأسد.'''»
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
|}
|}


==== Ibn ʿĀṣim al-Ṯaqafī ====
==== Ibn ʿĀṣim al-Ṯaqafī ====
'''Ibn ʿĀṣim al-Ṯaqafī (d. 403 AH / 1013 CE)''', ed. al-Qaysī and al-Dulaymī (1996)<ref name="thaqafi"/> (p. 83)
'''Ibn ʿĀṣim al-Ṯaqafī (d. 403 AH / 1013 CE)''', ed. al-Qaysī and al-Dulaymī (1996)<ref name="thaqafi"/> (p. 91; fol. 36a):
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|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|dir="ltr"|<blockquote>
|dir="ltr"|<blockquote>
When you face '''''al-Ṯurayyā''''', you see a line of stars to your right and left, extending northwards from it in a curve until it reaches ''al-Kaff al-Ḫaḍīb'' (“the Henna-Dyed Hand”). '''''Al-Kaff al-Ḫaḍīb''''' consists of <span style="color: darkred;">five</span><ref name="thaqafi-restoration"/> irregularly arranged stars. This line is called '''''Yad al-Ṯurayyā al-Yumnā al-Mabsūṭa''''' (“the Outstretched Right Hand of al-Ṯurayyā”). In this representation, it resembles a human hand extended upwards, not held entirely upright but bent somewhat. ''Al-Ṯurayyā'' has another hand of the same form, extended southwards, called '''''al-Kaff al-Ǧaḏmāʾ''''' (“the Amputated Hand”) because it is short and does not extend far. They say that ''al-Ṯurayyā'' is '''''the head between the two hands'''''.
When twenty-two nights of the month have passed, '''''al-Hanʿa''''' rises, the first of the risings of the season of ''al-qayẓ'' (midsummer). It is two white stars with a whip’s length between them, following ''al-Haqʿa'', in the Milky Way, and between [them and] ''al-Ḏirāʿ al-Mabsūṭa'' (“the Outstretched Forearm”). One star is called ''al-Zirr'' and the other ''al-Maysān''. '''It is said: ''al-Hanʿa'' is the Bow of al-Ǧawzāʾ, with which [he] shoots at the arm of the Lion; and the bow is eight stars in the form of a bow, and in the grip of the bow are the two stars called ''al-Hanʿa''.


In its right hand—the complete one—are stars that are the brightest within it. Among them is '''''al-ʿĀtiq''''' (“the Upper Shoulder”), the closest to ''al-Ṯurayyā''; then '''''al-Mankib''''' (“the Shoulder”); then '''''al-Mirfaq''''' (“the Elbow”). Beneath ''al-Mirfaq'' is a small star called '''''Ibrat <span style="color: darkred;">al-Mirfaq</span>'''''<ref name="thaqafi-restoration"/> (“the Tip of the Elbow”), positioned like the corresponding part of a human elbow. There, too, is '''''al-Maʾbiḍ''''' (“the Inner Elbow”), resembling the inner bend of a human elbow. The portion between ''al-Mirfaq'' and ''al-Mankib'' is called '''''ʿAḍud al-Ṯurayyā''''' (“the Upper Arm of al-Ṯurayyā”).


Beyond ''al-Mirfaq'' is '''''al-Miʿṣam''''' (“the Wrist”), which resembles a patch of cloud. The portion between ''al-Mirfaq'' and ''al-Miʿṣam'' is called '''''al-Sāʿid''''' (“the Forearm”); the diminutive form '''''al-Suwayʿid''''' (“the Little Forearm”) is also used. Then, beyond ''al-Miʿṣam'', comes '''''al-Kaff''''' (“the Hand”), namely ''al-Kaff al-Ḫaḍīb'', which, as I told you earlier, consists of five irregularly arranged stars.
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
|dir="rtl"|<blockquote>
|dir="rtl"|<blockquote>
«وإذا استقبلت '''الثريا''' نظرت إلى سطر من كواكب عن يمينك ويسارك قد امتدت من لدنها في الشمال على انعطاف حتى اتصلت بالكَفِّ الخَضِيبِ، والكَفُّ الخَضِيبُ كواكب <span style="color: darkred;">خمسة</span><ref name="thaqafi-restoration"/> مـختلفة النظم، ويُسَمَّى هذا السطر: '''يَدَ الثُّرَيَّا اليُمْنَى المَبْسُوطَةَ'''، كأنها في التمثيل يد الإنسان قد مدَّها صعدًا ولم ينصبها كل النصب، ولكن عطفها بعض العطف، ولها يدٌ أخرى على هذه الصفة ممدودة نحو الجنوب تسمى: '''الكَفَّ الجَذْماءَ'''، لقصرها وأنه لا امتداد لها، ويقولون: '''الثُّرَيَّا الرأس فيما بين اليدين'''. وفي يدها اليمني - وهي التامة - كواكب، وهي أنور ما فيها، فمنها: '''العَاتِقُ'''، وهو أقربها إلى الثُّرَيَّا، ثم '''المَنْكِبُ''' بعده، ثم '''المِرْفَقُ'''، وتحت المِرْفَقِ كوكب صغير يقال له: '''إبْرَةُ <span style="color: darkred;">المِرْفَقِ</span>'''<ref name="thaqafi-restoration"/> بمنزلة مرفق الإنسان، وهناك أيضًا: '''المَأْبِضُ'''، مثل مأبض الإنسان، ويقال لما بين المِرْفَقِ والمَنْكِبِ: '''عَضُدُ الثُّرَيَّا'''، وبعد المِرْفَقِ '''المِعْصَمُ'''، وهو كاللطخة من السحاب، ويقال لما بين المِرْفَقِ والمِعْصَمِ: '''السَّاعِدُ'''، ويصغر أيضا فيقال: '''السُّوَيْعِدُ'''، ثم '''الكَفُّ''' بعد المِعْصَمِ، وهي '''الكَفُّ الخَضِيبُ''' التي أعلمتك قبل أنها خمسة كواكب مختلفة النظم.»
«وفي اثنتين وعشرين ليلة تخلو منه تطلع الهنعة، وهي أول طوالع فصل القيظ، وهي كوكبان أبيضان بينهما قيد سوط على أثر الهقعة في المجرة، وبين الذراع المبسوطة، يسمى الكوكب الواحد الزر، والآخر: الميسان، '''وقيل: الهنعة قوس الجوزاء يرمي بها ذراع الأسد، والقوس ثمانية أنجم في صورة قوس، وفي مقبض القوس النجمان اللذان يقال لهما: الهنعة،'''.»
</blockquote>
|}
 
==== Al-Marzūqī ====
'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 AH / 1030 CE)''', ed. al-Dulaymī (2002)<ref name="marzuqi"/> (vol. 2, p. 344):
{| class="wikitable"
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|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|dir="ltr"|<blockquote>
There is a line of stars extending northwards in a curve <span style="color: darkred;">[until it reaches ''al-Kaff al-Ḫaḍīb'' (“the Henna-Dyed Hand”). '''''Al-Kaff al-Ḫaḍīb''''' consists of five irregularly arranged stars. This line is called '''''Yad al-Ṯurayyā al-Yumnā al-Mabsūṭa''''' (“the Outstretched Right Hand of al-Ṯurayyā”). It has another hand of the same form, extended southwards,]</span><ref name="marzuqi-restoration"/> called '''''al-Kaff al-Ǧaḏmāʾ''''' (“the Amputated Hand”) because of its shortness. They call '''''al-Ṯurayyā''''' '''the head between the two hands'''. In the right hand are stars that are its brightest, <span style="color: darkred;">among them</span><ref name="marzuqi-restoration"/> '''''al-ʿĀtiq''''' (“the Upper Shoulder”), which is the closest to ''al-Ṯurayyā''; then '''''al-Mankib''''' (“the Shoulder”); then '''''al-Mirfaq''''' (“the Elbow”)<span style="color: darkred;">[; and beneath ''al-Mirfaq'' is]</span><ref name="marzuqi-restoration"/> a small star called '''''Ibrat al-Mirfaq''''' (“the Tip of the Elbow”). There, too, is '''''al-Maʾbiḍ''''' (“the Inner Elbow”).
 
In the human body, ''ibrat al-mirfaq'' is the end of the forearm bone from which the cubit is measured. The other extremity, which bends when you draw your forearm towards you, is called ''al-qabīḥ''. As the poet said:
 
<poem>
Where the ''ibra'' meets the ''qabīḥ''.
</poem>


The inner hollow between them, into which the forearm folds, is called ''al-maʾbiḍ''; the same term is also used for the corresponding part of the knee. <span style="color: darkred;">[The portion between ''al-Mirfaq'' and ''al-Mankib'' is called '''''ʿAḍud al-Ṯurayyā''''' (“the Upper Arm of al-Ṯurayyā”). Beyond ''al-Mirfaq'' is '''''al-Miʿṣam''''' (“the Wrist”), which resembles a patch of cloud.]</span><ref name="marzuqi-restoration"/>  The portion between ''al-Mirfaq'' and ''al-Miʿṣam'' is called '''''al-Sāʿid''''' (“the Forearm”); the diminutive form '''''al-Suwayʿid''''' (“the Little Forearm”) is also used. Then, beyond ''al-Miʿṣam'', comes '''''al-Kaff''''' (“the Hand”), namely '''''al-Kaff al-Ḫaḍīb''''', the hand of ''al-Ṯurayyā''.
</blockquote>
|dir="rtl"|<blockquote>
«وهناك سطرٌ من كواكب امتدّت في الشَّمال على انعطاف <span style="color: darkred;">[حتى اتصلت بالكَفِّ الخَضِيبِ، والكَفُّ الخَضِيبُ كواكب خمسة مختلفة النظم، ويُسَمَّى هذا السطر: '''يَدَ الثُّرَيَّا اليُمْنَى المَبْسُوطَةَ'''، ولها يدٌ أخرى على هذه الصفة ممدودة نحو الجنوب]</span><ref name="marzuqi-restoration"/> تُسَمَّى: '''الكَفَّ الجَذْمَاءَ''' لقصرها، ويقولون '''للثُّرَيَّا: الرّأس فيما بين اليدين'''، وفي اليمنى كواكب هي أنورها، <span style="color: darkred;">فمنها</span><ref name="marzuqi-restoration"/> '''العَاتِقُ''' وهو أقربها إلى الثُّرَيَّا، ثم '''المَنْكِبُ''' بعده، ثم '''المِرْفَقُ'''<span style="color: darkred;">[، وتحت المِرْفَقِ]</span><ref name="marzuqi-restoration"/> كويكب صغير يقال له: '''إبْرَةُ المِرْفَقِ'''، وهنالك أيضًا: '''المَأْبِضُ'''. فأما إبْرَةُ المِرْفَقِ من الإنسان فهو طرف عظم السَّاعد وهو الذي يذرع منه الذراع والطرف الآخر الذي يُثْنَى إذا قبضت ذراعك إليك يقال له: القبيح، قال:
حَيْثُ تَلاقِي الإبْرَةُ القَبِيحَا
ويقال لباطنهما الذي ينثني عليه الساعد: المَأْبِضُ، وكذلك هو في الركبة، <span style="color: darkred;">[ويقال لما بين المرفق والمنكب: '''عضد الثريا'''، وبعد المرفق '''المعصم'''، وهو كاللطخة من السحاب،]</span><ref name="marzuqi-restoration"/> ويقال لما بين المِرْفَقِ والمِعْصَمِ: '''السَّاعِدُ'''، ويُصَغَّرُ أيضًا، فيقال: '''السُّوَيْعِدُ'''. ثم الكَفُّ بعد المِعْصَمِ، وهي '''الكَفُّ الخَضِيبُ'''، كَفُّ الثُّرَيَّا.»
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
|}
|}


==== Star identifications ====
==== Star identifications ====
The identifications from the ''anwāʾ'' descriptions are proposed by Khalid Al-Ajaji. Those from al-Ṣūfī’s account follow the commentary in his 2021 edition of ''Kitāb al-kawākib'', in the sections on Cassiopeia. The comparison retains the differences recorded in the parent article.<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>
The identifications from al-Ṣūfī’s account follow the commentary in Khalid Al-Ajaji’s 2021 edition of ''Kitāb al-kawākib'', in the section on Gemini.<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/> Kunitzsch (1961, no. 225) reads al-Ṣūfī’s account the same way: the eight stars are the fourteenth to eighteenth of Ptolemy’s Gemini (η, μ, ν, γ, ξ Gem) and the three unlisted stars south of the eighteenth (15, 13 and ε Mon).<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 131: Line 105:
! Identification from al-Ṣūfī’s description
! Identification from al-Ṣūfī’s description
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|''al-Kaff al-Ḫaḍīb''
|''Qaws al-Ǧawzāʾ''
|Five white stars in the Milky Way, opposite ''al-Ḥūt'' (“the Fish”).
|Eight stars “in the form of a bow”; the two stars of ''al-Hanʿa'' are in its grip.
|β, α, γ, δ, ε Cas
|Eight stars: ''al-Taḥāyī'' (3) and ''al-Hanʿa'' (2), with three further stars, which the ''anwāʾ'' texts do not describe.
|β, α, γ, δ, ε Cas
|η, μ, ν, γ, ξ Gem + 15, 13, ε Mon
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|''al-Hanʿa'' (the grip)
|Two white stars, a whip’s length apart, following ''al-Haqʿa'', in the Milky Way. Named ''al-Zirr'' and ''al-Maysān''.
|γ, ξ Gem
|γ, ξ Gem (Ptolemy’s Gemini nos. 17, 18). Variant reported by al-Ṣūfī: nos. 16, 17.
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|''al-Taḥāyī'' (one end)
|Three stars close to ''al-Hanʿa'', between the Milky Way and ''Tawābiʿ al-ʿAyyūq''.
|η, μ, ν Gem
|η, μ, ν Gem (nos. 14, 15, 16)
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|The three faint stars (the other end)
|Not described in the ''anwāʾ'' texts.
|—
|15 Mon, 13 Mon, ε Mon (three aligned stars of the 5th magnitude south of no. 18; not in the ''Almagest'')
|}
|}


===Discussion===
===Discussion===
The five-star hand is identified consistently in the supplied comparison as β, α, γ, δ, and ε Cas. Al-Ṣūfī explains the name by likening these bright stars to henna-dyed fingertips. ''Sanām al-Nāqa'' describes the same group within the separate figure of the She-Camel; it is retained here as a corresponding designation rather than as an anatomical part of ''al-Ṯurayyā''.<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>
'''The name and its witnesses.''' Every Arabic occurrence of ''Qaws al-Ǧawzāʾ'' goes back to one sentence: Adham b. ʿImrān al-ʿAbdī’s, which Ibn Qutayba quotes. Ibn ʿĀṣim repeats it, softening it to “it is said”. Al-Ṣūfī, who has the name as “reported of the Arabs”, wrote about a century after Ibn Qutayba, so his phrase may well be a report of the same sentence.


== Weblinks ==
'''Part and whole.''' Adham’s «الهنعة قوس الجوزاء» names the whole bow by its grip. The two stars of al-Hanʿa, the lunar station, are the grip; the bow is the asterism. This is how al-Ṣūfī understands it: the station sits “in the middle of the curve, at the place of the grip”.


== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="qutayba"><span dir="rtl">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 889م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م.</span><br />
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim (d. 276 AH / 889 CE). ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ fī mawāsim al-ʿArab''. Hyderabad, India: Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUṯmāniyya, 1375 AH / 1956 CE.</ref>


<ref name="khalid2021sufi"><span dir="rtl">كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي.</span><br />
==IAU Working Group Star Names==
Al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar (d. 986 CE). ''Book of the Stars''. Critical edition with commentary by Khalid Al-Ajaji. Digital edition, 2021. [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr Digital edition].</ref>
Four of the eight stars carry IAU names:<ref name="iaucsn"/>


<ref name="hyde">Hyde, Thomas. ''Tabulæ Long[itudinis] ac Lat[itudinis] Stellarum Fixarum''. Oxford: Henry Hall, 1665.</ref>
* '''Propus''' — η Gem (HR 2216, HIP 29655), one of ''al-Taḥāyī''
* '''Tejat''' — μ Gem (HR 2286, HIP 30343), one of ''al-Taḥāyī''
* '''Alhena''' — γ Gem (HR 2421, HIP 31681), one of the two stars of ''al-Hanʿa''
* '''Alzirr''' — ξ Gem (HR 2484, HIP 32362), the other star of ''al-Hanʿa''


<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig. ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen''. Berlin, 1809.</ref>
''Alhena'' and ''Alzirr'' come from the Arabic names of the grip: ''al-Hanʿa'' and ''al-Zirr''. ''Propus'' and ''Tejat'' are not names of the Arabic asterism. The sources give ''al-Hanʿa'' as the name of the pair, with ''al-Zirr'' and ''al-Maysān'' as the names of its two members, and none says which is which (al-Ṣūfī: «روي أن أحدهما هو الميسان والآخر الزر»). ''Alhena'' on γ and ''Alzirr'' on ξ are therefore a convention and not a reading of the sources; the other member’s name, ''al-Maysān'', has no IAU star. No IAU name is attached to the bow itself.


<ref name="Schjellerup">Al-Ṣūfī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar (903–986 CE). ''Description des étoiles fixes''. Translated with notes by H. C. F. C. Schjellerup. St. Pétersbourg: Commissionnaires de l’Académie Impériale des sciences, 1874.</ref>
== Weblinks ==


<ref name="Hinckley">Allen, Richard Hinckley. ''Star Names — Their Lore and Meaning''. Dover edition, 1963.</ref>
* [https://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt IAU Catalog of Star Names]


<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber''. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1961.</ref>
== Reference ==


<ref name="lisan"><span dir="rtl">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ)</span><br />
{{reflist|refs=
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 AH / c. 1312 CE). ''Lisān al-ʿArab''.</ref>
<ref name="lisan"><span dir="rtl">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ)</span><br>
 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi"><span dir="rtl">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ.</span><br />
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr <span dir="rtl">كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي.</span><br>]
Ibn ʿĀṣim al-Ṯaqafī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥusayn (d. 403 AH / c. 1013 CE). ''Al-Anwāʾ wa-l-azmina''. Edited by Nūrī Ḥammūdī al-Qaysī and Muḥammad Nāyif al-Dulaymī. Beirut: Dār al-Ǧīl, 1416 AH / 1996 CE.</ref>
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
 
<ref name="qutayba"><span dir="rtl">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م.</span><br />
<ref name="thaqafi-restoration">Dark red text marks corrections to corrupt readings in the printed edition of al-Ṯaqafī’s text. The edition reads ''ḫafiyya'' (خفية, “faint”) in place of ''ḫamsa'' (خمسة, “five”). The reading ''ḫamsa'' is supported by the later wording of the same passage and by al-Marzūqī’s account; moreover, the stars in question are bright, not faint. The edition also reads ''Ibrat al-Mankib'' (إبرة المنكب, “the Tip of the Shoulder”) in place of ''Ibrat al-Mirfaq'' (إبرة المرفق, “the Tip of the Elbow”).</ref>
IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
 
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi"><span dir="rtl">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ.</span><br />
<ref name="thaqafi"><span dir="rtl">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ.</span><br>
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan (d. 1030 CE). ''Al-Azmina wa-l-amkina'' (“Times and Places”). Edited by Muḥammad Nāyif al-Dulaymī. Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1422 AH / 2002 CE.</ref>
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
 
<ref name="Schjellerup">Ṣūfī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar, 903-986. ''Description Des étoiles Fixes''. traduction littérale avec des notes par H. C. F. C Schjellerup. St. Pétersbourg: Commissionnaires de lÁcadémie Impériale des sciences, 1874.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi-restoration">Al-Marzūqī, ''Al-Azmina wa-l-amkina'', ed. al-Dulaymī, vol. 2, p. 344. Text in square brackets is missing from the printed edition and has been supplied from the corresponding passage in Ibn ʿĀṣim al-Ṯaqafī’s text. The other text marked in dark red corrects the printed reading ''fīhā'' (فيها, “in it”) to ''fa-minhā'' (فمنها, “among them”), following Ibn ʿĀṣim al-Ṯaqafī.</ref>
<ref name="iaucsn">IAU Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN), IAU Working Group on Star Names. [https://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt online]</ref>
}}
}}
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Latest revision as of 15:14, 6 November 2026



Authors: Khalid Al-Ajaji

The Arabic asterism Qaws al-Ǧawzāʾ (قَوْسُ الجَوْزَاءِ), ‘the Bow of al-Ǧawzāʾ’. CC BY, Khalid Al-Ajaji, 2026.

Qaws al-Ǧawzāʾ (قَوْسُ الجَوْزَاءِ), ‘the Bow of al-Ǧawzāʾ’, is an Arabic asterism of eight stars set on a curve behind the figure of al-Ǧawzāʾ (Orion), in the modern constellations Gemini and Monoceros. Its grip is al-Hanʿa, the sixth lunar station (γ and ξ Gem); one end of the curve is al-Taḥāyī (η, μ, ν Gem) and the other end is three faint stars (15, 13 and ε Mon). The Arabs said that al-Ǧawzāʾ shoots from it at the arm of the Lion.[1][2]

Concordance, Etymology, History

Qaws al-Ǧawzāʾ is recorded in the anwāʾ works of Ibn Qutayba, who quotes it from Adham ibn ʿImrān al-ʿAbdī, and of ibn ʿĀṣim al-Ṯaqafī, and in al-Ṣūfī’s Kitāb al-kawākib, where it is reported of the Arabs and where al-Ṣūfī finds its eight stars in the sky. Al-Marzūqī gives al-Hanʿa and al-Taḥāyī but not the bow.

Variants Arabic

  • Qaws al-Ǧawzāʾ (قوس الجوزاء) “the Bow of al-Ǧawzāʾ”

Variants Latin / European

  • kaus al-djauzâ, Schjellerup (1874)[3] (p. 145).
  • qaws al-ǧawzāʾ, Kunitzsch (1961)[4] ((no. 225), pp. 93–94).

Etymology

Name English Arabic
Qaws In Lisān al-ʿArab, s.v. q-w-s (قوس),[5] we read:

“Ibn Sīda: al-qaws is that from which one shoots.”

جاء في «لسان العرب»، مادة «قوس»:

«ابْنُ سِيدَهْ: القَوْس الَّتِي يُرْمى عَنْهَا.»

al-Ǧawzāʾ The Arabic name of the figure of Orion; see al-Ǧawzāʾ. اسم صورة الجبّار عند العرب؛ انظر al-Ǧawzāʾ.

Sources and Identification

Ibn Qutayba

Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 AH / 889 CE), Hyderabad edition (1956)[1] (p. 42):

English Arabic

And Adham b. ʿImrān al-ʿAbdī said: “Al-Hanʿa is the Bow of al-Ǧawzāʾ, with which [she] shoots at the arm of the Lion. It is eight stars in the form of a bow, and in the grip of the bow are the two stars called al-Hanʿa.”

«وقال أدهم بن عمران العبدي: الهنعة قوس الجوزاء ترمي بها ذراع الأسد. وهي ثمانية أنجم في صورة قوس، ففي مقبض القوس النجمان اللذان يقال لهما الهنعة. »

Al-Ṣūfī

Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 AH / 986 CE), ed. Khalid Al-Ajaji (2021)[2], Gemini:

English Arabic

They call the seventeenth and eighteenth, on the feet of the following Twin, al-Hanʿa, which is the sixth lunar station; the two are called al-Maysān and al-Zirr, and it is reported that one of them is al-Maysān and the other al-Zirr. They call the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth, on the feet of the foremost Twin and in front of his foot, al-Taḥāyī, and say that the Moon descends at these stars; this may be so, because they are nearer the ecliptic and the Moon passes over them and does not turn aside to the seventeenth and eighteenth. […]

South of the eighteenth, which is on the foot of the following Twin, are three aligned stars of the fifth magnitude: between the northern of them and the eighteenth, towards the west and south, about a cubit and a half; the middle one is also a cubit and a half from the northern one; and the southern one is about two cubits from the middle one, towards the south and west. Ptolemy did not mention them. Together with the stars on the legs of the Twins they have come to lie on a curved line behind the constellation of al-Ǧabbār, with al-Hanʿa in the middle of the curve, at the place of the grip. It is reported of the Arabs that they call it Qaws al-Ǧawzāʾ, from which [she] shoots at the arm of the Lion.

«وتُسَمِّي السابع عشر والثامن عشر اللذين على قدمي التوأم التالي: الهَنْعَةَ، وهو المنزل السادس من منازل القمر، ويسميان: المَيْسَانَ والزِّرَّ، وقد روي أن أحدهما هو المَيْسَانُ والآخر الزِّرُّ. وتُسَمِّي الرابع عشر والخامس عشر والسادس عشر التي على قدمي التوأم المقدم وقدام قدمه: التَّحَايِيَ، وأن القمر ينزل بهذه الكواكب، ويجوز أن يكون كذلك لأنها أقرب إلى دائرة البروج، والقمر يمر عليها ولا يعدل إلى السابع عشر والثامن عشر. […]

وعلى جنوب الثامن عشر الذي على قدم التوأم التالي ثلاثة كواكب مصطفة من القدر الخامس بين الشمالي منها وبين الثامن عشر إلى المغرب والجنوب نحو ذراع ونصف، والأوسط من الشمالي على ذراع ونصف أيضًا، والجنوبي على نحو ذراعين من الأوسط إلى الجنوب والمغرب، لم يذكرها بطلميوس، وقد صارت مع الكواكب التي على رجل التوأمين على خط مقوس خلف كوكبة الجبار، والهَنْعَةُ في وسط التقويس على موضع المقبض، وروي عن العرب أنها تسميها قوس الجوزاء ترمي عنها ذراع الأسد.»

Ibn ʿĀṣim al-Ṯaqafī

Ibn ʿĀṣim al-Ṯaqafī (d. 403 AH / 1013 CE), ed. al-Qaysī and al-Dulaymī (1996)[6] (p. 91; fol. 36a):

English Arabic

When twenty-two nights of the month have passed, al-Hanʿa rises, the first of the risings of the season of al-qayẓ (midsummer). It is two white stars with a whip’s length between them, following al-Haqʿa, in the Milky Way, and between [them and] al-Ḏirāʿ al-Mabsūṭa (“the Outstretched Forearm”). One star is called al-Zirr and the other al-Maysān. It is said: al-Hanʿa is the Bow of al-Ǧawzāʾ, with which [he] shoots at the arm of the Lion; and the bow is eight stars in the form of a bow, and in the grip of the bow are the two stars called al-Hanʿa.


«وفي اثنتين وعشرين ليلة تخلو منه تطلع الهنعة، وهي أول طوالع فصل القيظ، وهي كوكبان أبيضان بينهما قيد سوط على أثر الهقعة في المجرة، وبين الذراع المبسوطة، يسمى الكوكب الواحد الزر، والآخر: الميسان، وقيل: الهنعة قوس الجوزاء يرمي بها ذراع الأسد، والقوس ثمانية أنجم في صورة قوس، وفي مقبض القوس النجمان اللذان يقال لهما: الهنعة،.»

Star identifications

The identifications from al-Ṣūfī’s account follow the commentary in Khalid Al-Ajaji’s 2021 edition of Kitāb al-kawākib, in the section on Gemini.[2] Kunitzsch (1961, no. 225) reads al-Ṣūfī’s account the same way: the eight stars are the fourteenth to eighteenth of Ptolemy’s Gemini (η, μ, ν, γ, ξ Gem) and the three unlisted stars south of the eighteenth (15, 13 and ε Mon).[4]

Name Description in anwāʾ sources Identification from anwāʾ descriptions Identification from al-Ṣūfī’s description
Qaws al-Ǧawzāʾ Eight stars “in the form of a bow”; the two stars of al-Hanʿa are in its grip. Eight stars: al-Taḥāyī (3) and al-Hanʿa (2), with three further stars, which the anwāʾ texts do not describe. η, μ, ν, γ, ξ Gem + 15, 13, ε Mon
al-Hanʿa (the grip) Two white stars, a whip’s length apart, following al-Haqʿa, in the Milky Way. Named al-Zirr and al-Maysān. γ, ξ Gem γ, ξ Gem (Ptolemy’s Gemini nos. 17, 18). Variant reported by al-Ṣūfī: nos. 16, 17.
al-Taḥāyī (one end) Three stars close to al-Hanʿa, between the Milky Way and Tawābiʿ al-ʿAyyūq. η, μ, ν Gem η, μ, ν Gem (nos. 14, 15, 16)
The three faint stars (the other end) Not described in the anwāʾ texts. — 15 Mon, 13 Mon, ε Mon (three aligned stars of the 5th magnitude south of no. 18; not in the Almagest)

Discussion

The name and its witnesses. Every Arabic occurrence of Qaws al-Ǧawzāʾ goes back to one sentence: Adham b. ʿImrān al-ʿAbdī’s, which Ibn Qutayba quotes. Ibn ʿĀṣim repeats it, softening it to “it is said”. Al-Ṣūfī, who has the name as “reported of the Arabs”, wrote about a century after Ibn Qutayba, so his phrase may well be a report of the same sentence.

Part and whole. Adham’s «الهنعة قوس الجوزاء» names the whole bow by its grip. The two stars of al-Hanʿa, the lunar station, are the grip; the bow is the asterism. This is how al-Ṣūfī understands it: the station sits “in the middle of the curve, at the place of the grip”.


IAU Working Group Star Names

Four of the eight stars carry IAU names:[7]

  • Propus — η Gem (HR 2216, HIP 29655), one of al-Taḥāyī
  • Tejat — μ Gem (HR 2286, HIP 30343), one of al-Taḥāyī
  • Alhena — γ Gem (HR 2421, HIP 31681), one of the two stars of al-Hanʿa
  • Alzirr — ξ Gem (HR 2484, HIP 32362), the other star of al-Hanʿa

Alhena and Alzirr come from the Arabic names of the grip: al-Hanʿa and al-Zirr. Propus and Tejat are not names of the Arabic asterism. The sources give al-Hanʿa as the name of the pair, with al-Zirr and al-Maysān as the names of its two members, and none says which is which (al-Ṣūfī: «روي أن أحدهما هو الميسان والآخر الزر»). Alhena on γ and Alzirr on ξ are therefore a convention and not a reading of the sources; the other member’s name, al-Maysān, has no IAU star. No IAU name is attached to the bow itself.

Reference

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م.
    IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs), DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي.
     Book of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.
  3. ↑ Ṣūfī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar, 903-986. Description Des étoiles Fixes. traduction littérale avec des notes par H. C. F. C Schjellerup. St. Pétersbourg: Commissionnaires de lÁcadémie Impériale des sciences, 1874.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
  5. ↑ لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ)
    Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), Lisān al-ʿarab
  6. ↑ عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ.
    Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina, critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.
  7. ↑ IAU Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN), IAU Working Group on Star Names. online
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