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Created page with "{{DISPLAYTITLE: Leidian (雷電)}} {{distinguish|}} Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}} ---- thumb|Image that shows the earliest map or drawing thumb|Image that shows the cultural object (e.g. in archaeological museum) Chinese constellation. == Concordance, Etymology, History == ... === Identification of stars === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing) !style="color: gray;" |Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Anc..."
 
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Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
----Léi Diàn (Thunder and Lightning, 雷電) is a six-star Chinese asterism belonging to the outer asterisms of the Gan school. It lies south of Yingshi. Although modern reconstructions of its membership and outline varies, all major identifications place it in the present-day constellation Pegasus. This asterism might be created in late Western Han. Its primary image is thunder and lightning. In the same sector of the sky it forms a meteorological cluster with Pīlì (Thunderclap) and Yúnyǔ (Cloud and Rain).
 
[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the earliest map or drawing]]
[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the cultural object (e.g. in archaeological museum)]]
Chinese constellation.  


== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
...
The two elements of the name already distinguished sound from light in early lexical thought. The ''Shuowen jiezi'' 說文解字explains the archaic graph 靁 as the movement caused when ''yin'' and ''yang'' press against one another, with 畾 evoking a revolving form; it defines 電 as the flash produced by the excitation of ''yin'' and ''yang''. The Eastern Han ''Shiming''釋名 gives phonetic glosses: thunder (léi) resembles the rumble of objects turning against an obstruction, while lightning (diàn) is so called because it vanishes as soon as it appears. These are not modern meteorology, but they show a clear conceptual pairing of two related yet distinct phenomena.
[[File:The Thunder Lord Beating a Drum in a Han-Dynasty Pictorial Stone Relief from Wubaizhuang, Linyi, Shandong.jpeg|thumb|The Thunder Lord Beating a Drum in a Han-Dynasty Pictorial Stone Relief from Wubaizhuang, Linyi, Shandong]]
Because thunder is invisible, it was rendered through the tangible technology of the drum. In the Eastern Han ''Lunheng''論衡, Wang Chong王充 reports that painters represented thunder as a string of connected drums and portrayed Leigong, the Thunder Lord, as a strongman pulling the drums with one hand and striking them with a mallet in the other. Wang’s purpose was to refute a literal divine-drum explanation, but his criticism preserves evidence for a visual convention: by the Eastern Han, the Thunder Lord, linked drums, and the striking mallet formed a recognizable image. The asterism thus stood between two modes of knowledge—natural interaction between ''yin'' and ''yang'', and a materialized image of drums, divinity, and heavenly authority.  
   
   
=== Identification of stars ===
=== Identification of stars ===
Leidian underwent a substantial change in membership. Yang Boshun dates the major alteration to the Huangyou period of the Northern Song and distinguishes an early to Jingyou pattern from the Huangyou pattern; Yi Shitong’s Qing numbering represents another catalogue tradition influenced by European astronomy.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)
!Han Dynasty (SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>)
!style="color: gray;" |Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!3rd to 6th Century (Boshun Yang<ref name=":12">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023).</ref>)
!style="color: gray;" |Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981.</ref>
!Song Dynaty (Boshun Yang<ref name=":12" />,  1034 CE)
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!Song Dynasty (Pan Nai<ref name=":02">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989.</ref>, 1052 CE)
!style="color: gray;" |Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. Fig 55.</ref>
!Song Dynasty (Boshun Yang<ref name=":12" />, 1052 CE)
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!Qing Dynaty (Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981.</ref>, 18th Century)
!style="color: gray;" |Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p435-443.</ref>
|-
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
|1st
!style="color: gray;" |SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
| valign="center" |
Han Dynasty
| valign="center" |σ Peg
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 235-296.</ref>
 
before Tang dynasty
（determinative）
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
| valign="center" |σ Peg
Song Jingyou(1034)
 
（determinative）
| valign="center" |77 Peg
| valign="center" |σ Peg
| valign="center" |ζ Peg
 
(42 Peg)
|-
|2nd
| valign="center" |
| valign="center" |HIP 113445
 
= 41 G. Peg
| valign="center" |HIP 113445
 
= 41 G. Peg
| valign="center" |66 Peg
| valign="center" |ρ Peg
 
（determinative）
| valign="center" |ξ Peg
 
(46 Peg)
|-
|-
| 1st/4th
|3rd
| style="color: gray;" | x
| valign="center" |
|style="color: gray;" | x
| valign="center" |ρ Peg
|style="color: gray;" | x
 
|style="color: gray;" | x
(50 Peg)
|style="color: gray;" | x
| valign="center" |ρ Peg
| x
 
|  x
(50 Peg)
| valign="center" |58 Peg
| valign="center" |59 Peg
| valign="center" |σ Peg
 
(49 Peg)
|-
|-
| 2nd/3rd
|4th
|style="color: gray;" | x
| valign="center" |
|style="color: gray;" | x
| valign="center" |55 Peg
|style="color: gray;" | x
| valign="center" |55 Peg
|style="color: gray;" | x
| valign="center" |55 Peg
|style="color: gray;" | x
| valign="center" |58 Peg
| x
| valign="center" |55 Peg
| x
|-
|-
| 3rd/2nd
|5th
|style="color: gray;" | x
| valign="center" |
|style="color: gray;" | x
| valign="center" |58 Peg
|style="color: gray;" | x
| valign="center" |58 Peg
|style="color: gray;" | x
| valign="center" |52 Peg
|style="color: gray;" | x
| valign="center" |66 Peg
| x
| valign="center" |66 Peg
| x
|-
|-
|4th/1st
|6th
|style="color: gray;" | x
| valign="center" |
|style="color: gray;" | x
| valign="center" |57 Peg
|style="color: gray;" | x
| valign="center" |57 Peg
|style="color: gray;" | x
| valign="center" |σ Peg
|style="color: gray;" | x
| valign="center" |70 Peg
| x
| valign="center" |70 Peg
| x
|}
|}


Revision as of 14:23, 9 August 2026



Authors: Boshun YANG, Susanne M Hoffmann

Léi Diàn (Thunder and Lightning, 雷電) is a six-star Chinese asterism belonging to the outer asterisms of the Gan school. It lies south of Yingshi. Although modern reconstructions of its membership and outline varies, all major identifications place it in the present-day constellation Pegasus. This asterism might be created in late Western Han. Its primary image is thunder and lightning. In the same sector of the sky it forms a meteorological cluster with Pīlì (Thunderclap) and Yúnyǔ (Cloud and Rain).

Concordance, Etymology, History

The two elements of the name already distinguished sound from light in early lexical thought. The Shuowen jiezi 說文解字explains the archaic graph 靁 as the movement caused when yin and yang press against one another, with 畾 evoking a revolving form; it defines 電 as the flash produced by the excitation of yin and yang. The Eastern Han Shiming釋名 gives phonetic glosses: thunder (léi) resembles the rumble of objects turning against an obstruction, while lightning (diàn) is so called because it vanishes as soon as it appears. These are not modern meteorology, but they show a clear conceptual pairing of two related yet distinct phenomena.

The Thunder Lord Beating a Drum in a Han-Dynasty Pictorial Stone Relief from Wubaizhuang, Linyi, Shandong

Because thunder is invisible, it was rendered through the tangible technology of the drum. In the Eastern Han Lunheng論衡, Wang Chong王充 reports that painters represented thunder as a string of connected drums and portrayed Leigong, the Thunder Lord, as a strongman pulling the drums with one hand and striking them with a mallet in the other. Wang’s purpose was to refute a literal divine-drum explanation, but his criticism preserves evidence for a visual convention: by the Eastern Han, the Thunder Lord, linked drums, and the striking mallet formed a recognizable image. The asterism thus stood between two modes of knowledge—natural interaction between yin and yang, and a materialized image of drums, divinity, and heavenly authority.

Identification of stars

Leidian underwent a substantial change in membership. Yang Boshun dates the major alteration to the Huangyou period of the Northern Song and distinguishes an early to Jingyou pattern from the Huangyou pattern; Yi Shitong’s Qing numbering represents another catalogue tradition influenced by European astronomy.


Star Names or Orders(Qing) Han Dynasty (SUN X. & J. Kistemaker[1]) 3rd to 6th Century (Boshun Yang[2]) Song Dynaty (Boshun Yang[2], 1034 CE) Song Dynasty (Pan Nai[3], 1052 CE) Song Dynasty (Boshun Yang[2], 1052 CE) Qing Dynaty (Yi Shitong[4], 18th Century)
1st σ Peg

（determinative）

σ Peg

（determinative）

77 Peg σ Peg ζ Peg

(42 Peg)

2nd HIP 113445

= 41 G. Peg

HIP 113445

= 41 G. Peg

66 Peg ρ Peg

（determinative）

ξ Peg

(46 Peg)

3rd ρ Peg

(50 Peg)

ρ Peg

(50 Peg)

58 Peg 59 Peg σ Peg

(49 Peg)

4th 55 Peg 55 Peg 55 Peg 58 Peg 55 Peg
5th 58 Peg 58 Peg 52 Peg 66 Peg 66 Peg
6th 57 Peg 57 Peg σ Peg 70 Peg 70 Peg

Maps (Gallery)

historical map modern identification

(Yang 2023)

same in Stellarium 24.4
historical image of Kulou (Korea)
Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart


IAU Working Group on Star Names

In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

References

References (Chinese)

  1. ↑ Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. The Chinese sky during the Han. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023).
  3. ↑ Pan Nai潘鼐. Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989.
  4. ↑ Yi Shitong伊世同. Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981.
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