ḪUL

^mulḪUL (𒀯𒅆𒌨), 'The Evil Star,' is an ancient Mesopotamian name for Mars.

Images of Mars

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  Close Conjunction of Jupiter (brighter) and Mars (reddish) under Orion (upper right), seen from Cape Town (SMH 2024)
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  Closest Conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 2024 (Cape Town, SMH).
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  Jupiter, Mars and Pleiades at Dawn (SMH 2024).
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  Jupiter, Mars, Pleiaden in a slightly cloudy morning twilight (SMH 2024).
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  Mars in the constellation Gemini, The Twins (SMH January 2025).
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  Mars in the constellation Gemini, The Twins (SMH February 2025).
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  Mars extremly close to epsilon Geminorum (14 April 2023), seen from Petra, Jordan (SMH).
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  One day after the close conjunction of Mars with epsilon Geminorum; seen from Petra, Jordan (SMH 2023). The planet then had a visible separation from the star.
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  Mars in the Open Star Cluster Praesepe (M44) in Cancer (2023)
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  Mars next to a tower in Central Europe: its reddish colour is extraordinarily obvious (SMH 2025).
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  Mars two moon widths next to the Moon, photograph at full moon taken through a window in order to produce a dimmer image of the full moon next to Mars: the planet is at the right edge of the Moon. (SMH January 2025).

Concordance, Etymology, History

= ^mulLumnu "Evil (star)"; a name for Mars, and one occasion Mars identified with Mercury. [AHw, 563-4; CAD L, 250; G. 187; Reynolds 1998].

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

Sources	Identifications
Lexical texts. Series Ḫg. B VI: mulḫul = lum-num2 = MIN(=dṣal-[bat-a-nu]) "Evil (star) = Evil = ditto(= Mars)." [MSL XI, 40:30].	Example
EAE. See. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 37′].
"The Great Star List and Miscellenia". (1) List of names of Mars: mulḫul = dmin(dṣal-bat-a-nu), mullu-um-nu = dmin (dṣal-bat-a-nu) "evil (star) = ditto(Mars)". (2) 7 names of Mars (7 zik-ru-šu): ulḫul "Evil (star)". [Mesop.Astrol., App.B: 92, 98, 238].

Additional

II. Astrology.

         (1) Evil star = Mars or Mercury (?); DIŠ ad-riš TU ^mulḪUL: ^dṣal-bat-a-nu: ^dUDU.IDIM.GU₄.UD-ma MAŠ₂.ANŠE [...] "If the Evil (star) sets into darkness, (it means) Mars (or?) Mercury: cattle [...]". [ACh Šamaš, 13:23], see also [Reynolds 1998, 351].

         (2) Evil star and Jupiter; BE ^<mul>lu-um-nu ina IGI ^dŠul-pa-e₃ SU.GU₇ [...] "If the Evil (star) (stands) ahead of Shulpae: famine [...] [ACh Suppl. 2, 78:5]; BE ^<mul>lu-um-nu EGIR ^dŠul-pa-e₃ MU BI DAM-šu [...] "If the Evil (star) (stands) behind Shulpae: this year his wife [...] [ACh Suppl. 2, 78:6].

         (3) Red Star = Evil Star = Mars; DIŠ ^mulsa₅ ^mulṣal-bat-a-nu: ^mullum-nu mul [ṣal]-[bat-a-nu] "Red Star, Mars = Evil (star), M[ars ...]". [Borger 1973, 41 r. 37′].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, h08)

Gössmann (1950)

= mulLumnu «Злая (звезда)»; эпитет Марса и Меркурия(?) [AHw, 563–4; CAD L, 250; G. 187; Reynolds 1998]. I. Источники. Лексич. тексты. Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulḫul = lum-num2 = MIN(=dṣal-[bat-a-nu]) «Злая (звезда) = Злой = ditto(= Марс)» [MSL XI, 40:30]. EAE. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 37′]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulḫul = dmin(dṣal-bat-a-nu), mullu-um-nu = dmin (dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Злая (звезда) = ditto(Марс)». (2) 7 имен Марса (7 zik-ru-šu):  ulḫul «Злая (звезда)» [Mesop.Astrol., App.B: 92, 98, 238]. II. Астрология. (1) Злая звезда = Марс или Меркурий (?); DIŠ ad-riš TU mulḪUL : dṣal-bat-a-nu : dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD-ma MAŠ2.ANŠE […] «Если Злая (звезда) заходит темной, (это означает)  Марс (или?) Меркурий: скот […]» [ACh Šamaš, 13:23], см. также [Reynolds 1998, 351]. (2) Злая звезда и Юпитер; BE <mul>lu-um-nu ina IGI dŠul-pa-e3 SU.GU7 […] «Если Злая (звезда) впереди Шульпаэ (стоит): голод […] [ACh Suppl. 2, 78:5]; BE <mul>lu-um-nu EGIR dŠul-pa-e3 MU BI DAM-šu […] «Если Злая (звезда) позади Шульпаэ (стоит): в этом году его жена […] [ACh Suppl. 2, 78:6]. (3) Красная звезда = Злая звезда = Марс; DIŠ mulsa5 mulṣal-bat-a-nu : mullum-nu mul [ṣal]-[bat-a-nu …] «Красная звезда, Марс = Злая (звезда), М[арс …] [Borger 1973, 41 r. 37′].

Example

References

• Kurtik's references