Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Rumh (الرُّمْح) as defined by al-Ṣūfī in the area of Boötis constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
Al-Rumḥ (The Spear)
In classical Arabic astronomy, al-Rumḥ (الرمح, "the lance" or "the spear") refers to an asterism associated with the star Arcturus (α Boötis). Historical interpretations of its composition and nomenclature vary between the philological Anwāʾ tradition and the later astronomical tradition.
Overview and Etymology
The presence of this asterism is the defining factor in the naming of Arcturus as al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ (السماك الرامح, "The Uplifted One Armed with a Spear"). This designation serves to distinguish it from the star Spica ($\alpha$ Virginis), known as al-Simāk al-A‘zal (السماك الأعزل, "The Unarmed Uplifted One"), so named because it lacks an associated weaponized asterism.
The term Simāk (from the root s-m-k, "to elevate") refers to the high meridian altitude these stars reach in the northern sky.
Historical Traditions
The Anwāʾ Tradition: Rāyat al-Simāk
Philologists and Anwāʾ authors, such as Ibn Qutaybah and al-Marzūqī, identified the "weapon" of the Lancer primarily as a single star, which they termed Rāyat al-Simāk ("The Banner of the Simāk").
Ibn Qutaybah accounts for the naming of the "Lancer" by identifying a small star situated near Arcturus:
"It was named 'The Lancer' because of a small star positioned near it called Rāyat al-Simāk (The Banner of the Simāk). Thus, it became 'The Lancer' by virtue of [the banner], while the other became 'The Unarmed' (al-A‘zal) because there is nothing before it." [5]
Al-Marzūqī provides a more specific spatial orientation, placing this star in relation to the constellation Corona Borealis|al-Fakkah:
"When al-Fakkah reaches the meridian, or nears it... you will see al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ (Arcturus) positioned before it. You will also see Rāyat al-Simāk [$\epsilon$ Boötis] behind it, situated between [Arcturus] and al-Fakkah." [6]
Al-Ṣūfī’s Synthesis: Al-Silāḥ (The Weapon)
In his astronomical works, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi|al-Ṣūfī provides a more detailed celestial map, describing al-Rumḥ as a complex configuration of stars marking the head and the foot of the lance. He distinguishes the "Lancer" (Arcturus) from its armament (al-Silāḥ):
"As for the single [star] outside the figure [of Boötes], it is the bright red one located between its thighs... it is this which is called al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ [$\alpha$ Boo]. The Arabs... called it Rāmiḥ (The Lancer) because they likened the sixteenth star on its thigh [$\epsilon$ Boo] and the twentieth star on its left leg [$\eta$ Boo] to a lance (rumḥ) belonging to it. They likened the two close stars on the waist—the seventeenth and eighteenth [$\sigma$ and $\rho$ Boo]—to a streamer (‘adhabah) for the end of the lance where the sixteenth star is located; and they likened the twenty-first and twenty-second stars [$\tau$ and $\upsilon$ Boo] to a streamer for the end where the twentieth star is located." [7]
Summary of Star Identifications
Classical Arabic Name
Modern Designation
Role in the Asterism
Al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ
$\alpha$ Boötis (Arcturus)
The Lancer
Rāyat al-Simāk
$\epsilon$ Boötis (Izar)
The Banner / Head of the Spear
Al-Rumḥ (per al-Ṣūfī)
$\epsilon$ and $\eta$ Boötis
The shaft and points of the Spear
‘Adhabah
$\sigma, \rho$ and $\tau, \upsilon$ Boötis
The streamers or pennants
Al-Silāḥ
$\zeta, o, \xi, \pi$ Boötis
The "Weapon" or equipment
Overview and Etymology
The presence of this asterism is the defining factor in the naming of Arcturus as al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ (السماك الرامح, "The Uplifted One Armed with a Spear"). This designation serves to distinguish it from the star Spica ($\alpha$ Virginis), known as al-Simāk al-A‘zal (السماك الأعزل, "The Unarmed Uplifted One"), so named because it lacks an associated weaponized asterism.
The term Simāk (from the root s-m-k, "to elevate") refers to the high altitude these stars reach in the northern sky.
Laffitte (2012[8], 2025[9]) treats Al-Rumh as an alternative name for Muphrid (η Boo) in the constellation al-Simākān, The Two Supporters, one armed, one disarmed:
Rumh. Ar. الرمح al-Rumḥ, ‘the Spear’, al-Ṣūfī > Lat. Alromh, Yehūda b. Mošè, Lancea, Apian. Later, al-Rumḥ, al-Qazwīnī, not transcribed by Ideler, who gives Rumḥal-Rāmiḥ according to al-Tīzīnī > ‘Rumh el-râmih’. Hence Ruma c/ Buttmann, ‘Al-Rumḥ’ p/ Allen, Nit. 02. Rumh al Ramih, Wiki/en
Adjacent Star Names of al-Simākān
Name
(orig.)
Name
translation
identification
(RL)
author
note
al-Rumḥ
la Lance
η Boo
Ṣūfī
Mirzam al-Simāk
the Predecessor of Simak
Marzūqī
Mufrad al-Rāmiḥ
The Isolated One of Alramech
Tīzīnī
Rāyat al-Simāk
the Standard of Simak
ε Boo
Qutayba
Tābiᶜ al-Simāk
the Follower of Simak
Ṣūfī
al-ᶜAḍaba
the Belt
ρσ Boo
Ṣūfī
al-Silāḥ
the Arms
τυ Boo
Ṣūfī
Discussion
IAU Working Group Star Names
Weblinks
Reference
↑Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab). Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.
↑Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
↑al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn. Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.
↑Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab). Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, p. 62.
↑Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030). 2002. Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places). Critical edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi. Beirut: World of Books, p. 343.
↑Ibn al-Ṣūfī, Abū ʿali al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. 2021. Urjuzat al-kawākib (The Poem of the Stars). Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition.
