View source for Baijiu

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Baijiu (败臼)}} 

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Bài Jiù (Broken Mortar, 敗臼) is a Chinese asterism of four stars belonging to the Shi school and usually assigned to the lodge Xu (虛). Its tradition is traced to the Han-period star catalogue system. Historical identifications place it in parts of modern Piscis Austrinus and Grus. 

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==

=== Literal meaning and material culture ===
Here bai (敗) is best understood as damage or deterioration. The ''Shuowen jiezi'' (說文解字), under pu (攴), glosses it as “to destroy”; under jiu (臼), it explains that mortars were initially hollows dug in the ground and later cavities cut into wood or stone. The immediate image is thus a pounding implement that has become unserviceable. Popular translation is “Decayed Mortar”, while Broken Mortar or Worn-out Mortar better reflects its original meaning—here “败” does not necessarily refer to material decay. 

For the material history of mortars and pestles, their use in processing grain, and their association with military provisions, see Chu and Jiu.

Modern explanations differ. Sun & Kistemaker interpret Baijiu as a large mortar-shaped receptacle for waste. Osaki Shoji understands it as an old mortar that, due to object worship, was not discarded after being damaged. These readings invoke reuse or taboo, but but no clear records directly supporting these specific uses or taboos have yet been found. 

=== Symbolism ===
The early astrological meanings of ''Baijiu'' were primarily concerned with the order of everyday life and the food supply. According to the ''Shi shi'' tradition quoted in the ''Kaiyuan zhanjing'' (開元占經), if one of its stars was missing, the people would “sell their cauldrons (''fu'' 釜) and steamers (''zeng'' 甑) and leave the place.” The ''History of the Song'' (宋史) elaborates on this interpretation: if the asterism lacked a star, people would sell their cooking vessels, and if all four stars disappeared, they would leave their homes. The cauldron and steamer were used respectively for boiling and steaming food. Selling these essential household implements and abandoning one’s dwelling thus provided a concrete image of ruined livelihoods and forced migration. This meaning broadly resembles that assigned to the Inner Pestle and Mortar in the Gan tradition. At the same time, the statements that ''Baijiu'' “governs matters of orderly administration” (''zhu zhengzhi zhi shi'' 主正治之事) in the ''Jingzhou zhan'' (荊州占), and “governs government affairs” (''zhu zhengzhi'' 主政治) in the transmitted ''Xingjing'' (星經), indicate that the asterism was also understood within a broader framework of social order and state governance.

The symbolism of ''Baijiu'' was further extended to disasters affecting the state. The ''Shi shi xingjing'' (石氏星經) states that “another tradition holds that ''Baijiu'' governs calamities.” The ''Huangdi zhan'' (黃帝占) regards faint and steady stars as auspicious, whereas brightness and movement portend illness or anxiety for the ruler, distress among the people, and death or mourning. Li Bo’s (李播) ''Tianwen daxiang fu'' (天文大象賦) likewise declares: “''Baijiu'' shines forth to reveal calamities.” The divination text also match the overall insufficient brightness of the four stars of the Baijiu.

By the Song period, the interpretation of ''Baijiu'' appears to have undergone a further change. The ''Qianxiang tongjian'' (乾象通鑑) preserves numerous astrological passages derived from earlier manuals, among which predictions concerning the Northern Di (北狄), the Xiongnu (匈奴), and warfare on the frontiers are especially prominent. This interpretive strand seems to have incorporated ''Baijiu'' into the frontier-defence narrative represented by nearby asterisms such as ''Tianleicheng'' (天壘城) and ''Yulin'' (羽林). It remains uncertain, however, whether these meanings first arose during the Song period or were merely preserved in Song sources.

The most cautious interpretation, therefore, is that ''Baijiu'' took the “damaged implement for processing staple food” as its basic image and consequently came to symbolize famine, the collapse of livelihoods, and displacement. In different astrological traditions, it was further associated with political disorder, disasters affecting the state, and threats along the frontiers. The extant evidence reveals the accumulation and coexistence of multiple meanings, but it does not establish a clear, unidirectional chronology for their development.

=== Identification of stars ===

{| class="wikitable"
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!Han Dynasty (SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>)
!3rd to 6th Century (Boshun Yang<ref name=":12">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023), Pp297-304.</ref>)
!Song Dynaty (Boshun Yang<ref name=":12" />,  1034 CE)
!Song Dynasty (Pan Nai<ref name=":02">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989, Pp220-226.</ref>, 1052 CE)
!Song Dynasty (Boshun Yang<ref name=":12" />, 1052 CE)
!Yuan Dynasty (Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p435-443.</ref>, 14th century)
!Qing Dynaty (Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981.</ref>, 18th Century)
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
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=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
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!historical map
!modern identification
!same in Stellarium
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|[[File:Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.jpg|alt=historical image of Kulou (Korea)|thumb|Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart]]
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== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ... 

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]


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