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Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
<div style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;">
<youtube align=right>https://youtu.be/7k4SG-sw8lo</youtube>
</div>
[[File:India (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Map of India, part of South Asia (UN region)]]
[[File:India (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Map of India, part of South Asia (UN region)]]
[[File:Nakshatras in Temple draw+lbl 4ase.jpg|thumb|Display of all 28th nakshatra in a doorway in Tirupperunthurai (Athmanathaswamy temple) near Aranthangi, India, 10th century CE. (SMH 2025).]]
The Indian subcontinent hosts a rich and old traditional astronomy in many different flavours. It grew and was inspired by exchange with neighbouring cultures such as Chinese and Mesopotamian.  
The Indian subcontinent hosts a rich and old traditional astronomy in many different flavours. It grew and was inspired by exchange with neighbouring cultures such as Chinese and Mesopotamian.  


Line 10: Line 17:
|-
|-
|
|
|
|Bhānu, Sūrya and many more
|Sun
|Sun
|
|There are many more names
|-
|-
|
|
|
|Candra, Indu, Sudhaṁśu and many more
|Moon
|Moon
|
|There are many more names
|-
|-
|
|
|
|Budha
| Mercury
| Mercury
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|
|<big>ś</big>ukra
|Venus
|Venus
|Very bright
|-
|
|
|Kuja, Angāraka
|Mars
|Ku = earth, Kuja = son of earth
Angāra = red hot charcoal
|-
|-
|
|
|Guru, Bṛhaspati
|Jupiter
|wise person, Teacher / advisor for Gods
|-
|
|
|Mars
|<big>ś</big>ani
|Saturn
|slow moving
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|Jupiter
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|[[Rahu]]
|ascending node
|
|
|Saturn
|-
|
|[[Ketu]]
|descending node
|
|
|}
|}


=== Asterisms (Stars and Constellations) ===
=== Dictionary of Asterisms (Stars and Constellations) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!
!Naks. Number
!Sanscrit
!Sanscrit
! colspan="2" |Transliteration
! colspan="2" |Transliteration
!English Description/ Translation
!English Description/ Translation
!
!Commentary
!Source
|-
|-
!
!
Line 60: Line 82:
!
!
!
!
!Reference
|-
|-
|1
|28
|अश्विनी
|अभिजित
|[[Ashvini|Aśvini]], Dasra
|[[Abhijit]]
|Ashvini
|Abhijit
|Twin physician of the Gods
|Victorius
|β, γ Arietis
|Nakshatra in [[Lyra]]
(perhaps also α Ari in some variants)
|Nakṣatra
|-
|-
|2
|
|भरणी
|
|[[Bharani]], Yamya, Yamabha
|
|Bharani
|Adhah Paschimaga
|the bearer, a container
|the one below and west
|<nowiki>35, 39 and 41 Arietis |</nowiki>
|possibly Indian Indigenous: bet UMa
(three stars)
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|3
|
|कृत्तिका
|
|[[Krittika|Kṛttika]], Agni, Hutabhuk, Agnidaiva
|
|Krittika
|Aditerbha
|personified as the nurses of Kārttikeya, a son of Shiva
|
|Pleiades
|[[Punarvasu]]
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|4
|
|रोहिणी
|
|[[Rohini]], Brahmya, Brahmabha, Brāhmī
|
|Rohini
|Agasthya
|"the red one"
|
|Aldebaran
|Canopus
and the Hyades
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|5
|
|मृगशिर
|
|[[Mrigashira]], Mṛgaśira, Somya, Āgrahāyaṇī
|
|Mrigashira
|Agni
|"the deer's head".
|
|λ, φ<sub>1,2</sub> Orionis
|[[Krittika]]
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|6
|
|आर्द्रा
|
|[[Ardra]], Roudra, Shivabha
|
|Ardra
|Agnidaiva
|wetness,
|
|Betelgeuse
|[[Krittika]]
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|7
|
|पुनर्वसु (dual)
|
|[[Punarvasu]], Yamakau, Aditerbha
|Āgrahāyaṇī
|Punarvasu
|Agrahayani
|"the twinrestorers of goods",
|
yamakau "the two chariots"?
|[[Mrigashira]]
|4 stars:
α, β Geminorum
(ε, ζ Gem?)
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|8
|
|पुष्य
|
|[[Pushya]], Puṣya, Sidhya or Tiṣya
|
|Pushya
|Ahirbudhnya
|"the nourisher"
|
|γ, δ and θ Cancri
|[[Uttara Bhadrapada]]
(represented by α CMi)
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|9
|
|आश्लेषः
|
|[[Ashlesha|Āshleshā]], Ahya, Phanibha, Sarpa
|
|Ashlesha
|Ahya
|"the embrace"
|
|δ, ε , η, ρ, and σ Hydrae
|[[Ashlesha]]
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|10
|
|मघा
|
|[[Magha|Maghā]], Paitra
|
|Magha
|Aindra
|"the bountiful"?
|
|5 stars: Regulus (α Leo), γ, η, 31,ο and ρ Leonis
|[[Jyeshtha]]
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|11
|
|पूर्व फाल्गुनी
|
|[[Purva Phalguni|Pūrva Phalgunī]], Bhagya, Bhagybha
|
|Purva Phalguni
|Ajaikapada
|"first reddish one"?
|
|δ and θ Leonis
|[[Purva  Bhadrapada]]
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|12
|
|उत्तर फाल्गुनी
|
|[[Uttara Phalguni|Uttara Phalgunī]], Arya, Aryamrksha
|
|Uttara Phalguni
|Ajanghri
|"second reddish one"?
|
|Denebola plus 3 more
|[[Purva  Bhadrapada]]
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|13
|
|हस्त
|
|[[Hasta]], Kara, Ravibha
|
|Hasta
|Anila
|"the hand"
|
|β, α, ε, γ, and δ Corvi
|[[Svati]]
|Nakshatra
|-
|14
|चित्रा
|[[Chitra|Citrā]], Tvarshtra
|Chitra
|"the bright one"
|Spica
|Nakshatra
|-
|15
|स्वाति
|[[Svati]], Anila
|Malayendu's [[Svati]]
|"Su-Ati - Goodness
|Arcturus
(+ η and ζ Bootis)
|Nakshatra
|-
|16
|विशाखा
|[[Vishakha]], Viśākhā, Dvidaivata
|Vishakha
|"forked, having many branches"
|α, β, γ and ι Librae
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|17
|17
|अनुराधा
|अनुराधा
|[[Anuradha]], Maitra
|[[Anuradha]]
|Anuradha
|Anuradha
|"following rādhā"
|"following rādhā"
|β, δ, ρ and π Scorpii
|Nakshatra in [[Scorpius|Sco]]
|Nakshatra
|-
|
|
|
|Anyomuni
|another sage
|possibly Indian Indigenous: bet UMa
|-
|-
|18
|
|ज्येष्ठा
|
|[[Jyeshtha|Jyeṣṭha]], Śakra, Aindra
|[[Apa|Āpa]]
|Jyeshtha
|Apa
|"the eldest, most excellent"
|
|α, σ, and τ Scorpii
|ζ Vir (Shylaja and Pai (2019))
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|19
|
|मूल
|
|[[Mula|Mūlā]], Nirtibha
|[[Apamvatsa|Apāṃvatsa]]
|Mula
|Apamvatsa
|"the root"
|
|ε, μ, ζ, η, θ, ι, κ, and λ Scorpii
|74 Vir (Shylaja and Pai (2019))
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|20
|
|पूर्व आषाढा
|
|[[Purva Ashadha|Purvaṣādha]], Jaladaivata, Apya, Toya, Jalarksha
|Āptapān
|Purva Ashadha
|Aptapan
|"first of the invincible"
|??
|δ and ε Sagittarii
|α Cas (Shylaja and Pai (2019))
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|21
|
|उत्तर आषाढा
|
|[[Uttara Ashadha|Uttara Āṣāḍhā]], Vaiśvadeva
|
|Uttara Ashadha
|Apya
|"Latter invincible"
|
|ζ and σ Sagittarii
|[[Purva Ashadha]]
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|22
|6
|श्रवण
|आर्द्रा
|[[Shravana|Śravana]], Śṛti, Vaisnava, Haribha
|[[Ardra]]
|Shravana
|Ardra
|Listening
|wetness,
|<nowiki>α, β and γ Aquilae | Altair</nowiki>
|Nakshatra ([[Betelgeuse]])
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|23
|
|श्रविष्ठा/
|
धनिष्ठा
|
|[[Dhanishta|Dhaniṣṭhā]], Vāsava, Vasubha, Śraviṣṭhā
|Arya
|Dhanishta
|
|"most famous",
|[[Uttara  Phalguni]]
also Shravishthā "swiftest"
|α, β, γ, δ Delphini
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|24
|
|शतभिष/
|
शततारका
|
|[[Shatabhisha|Śatabhiṣa]], Śatabhiṣaj, Varunarksha
|Aryamrksha
|Shatabhisha/
|
Satabhisa
|[[Uttara  Phalguni]]
|a hundred physicians"
|λ Aquarii
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|25
|9
|पूर्व भाद्रपदा/
|आश्लेषः
पूर्व प्रोष्ठपदा
|[[Ashlesha|Āshleshā]]
|[[Purva Bhadrapada|Purvābhādra]], Ajanghri, Ajaikapada, Pragbhadra
|Ashlesha
|Purva Bhadrapada
|"the embrace"
|"the first of the blessed feet"?
|α and β Pegasi
|Nakshatra
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|26
|
|उत्तर भाद्रपदा/
|
उत्तर प्रोष्ठपदा
|Aśvanābha
|[[Uttara Bhadrapada|Uttara Bhādrapada]], Ahirbudhnya, dvitiyabhādra, upāntya
|Ashvanabha
|Uttara Bhadrapada
|Belly of the horse (from Arabic)
(U. Bhadra)
|α And (Shylaja and Pai (2019))
|"the second of the blessed feet"?
|γ Pegasi and α Andromedae
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|27
|1
|रेवती
|अश्विनी
|[[Revati]], Pourshna
|[[Ashvini|Aśvini]]
|Revati
|Ashvini
|"prosperous"?
|Twin physician of the Gods
|ζ Piscium
|Nakshatra in [[Aries]]
(plus 30 more stars, perhaps including M31)
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|28
|
|अभिजित
|
|[[Abhijit]], Vidibha
|
|Abhijit
|Bhagya
|Victorius
|
|<nowiki>Lyra | alf Lyrae</nowiki>
|[[Purva  Phalguni]]
|Nakshatra
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|(Malayendu)
|Bhagybha
|
|
|tet Cet
|[[Purva  Phalguni]]
|from Arabic
|-
|2
|भरणी
|[[Bharani]]
|Bharani
|the bearer, a container
|Nakshatra in [[Aries]]
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Adhah Paschimaga
|Bhujaga shirsha
|the one below and west
|
|bet UMa
|Sarpa shirsha
|possibly Indian
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Agasthya
|Bhujanga
|
|possibly Indian Indigenous: gam Vel
|-
|
|
|
|
|Brahmabha
|
|
|almost all texts
|[[Rohini]]
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Anyomuni
|Brahmahridaya
|another sage
|
|bet UMa
|a Aur all texts or b Aur ??
|possibly Indian
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|[[Apa|Āpa]]
|Brāhmī
|Apa
|Brahmi
|
|
|ζ Vir
|[[Rohini]]
|Shylaja and Pai (2019)
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|[[Apamvatsa|Apāṃvatsa]]
|Apamvatsa
|
|
|74 Vir
|Brahmya
|Shylaja and Pai (2019)
|
|[[Rohini]]
|-
|-
|14
|चित्रा
|[[Chitra|Citrā]]
|Chitra
|"the bright one"
|Nakshatra ([[Spica]])
|-
|
|
|
|
|Dasra
|
|
|Āptapān
|[[Ashvini|Aśvini]]
|Aptapan
|-
|??
|23
|α Cas
|श्रविष्ठा/
|Shylaja+ (2016)
धनिष्ठा
|[[Dhanishta|Dhaniṣṭhā]]
|Dhanishta
|"most famous",
also Shravishthā "swiftest"
|Nakshatra in [[Delphinus|Del]]
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|Aśvanābha
|
|Ashvanabha
|Dhanukoti
|Belly of the horse  (from Arabic)
|part of Dhanu
|α And
|from Arabic: alf Ori
|Shylaja+ (2016)
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Bhujanga
|Dvidaivata
|
|[[Vishakha]]
|-
|
|
|Dvitiyabhādra
|Dvitiyabhadra
|
|
|gam Vel
|[[Uttara  Bhadrapada]]
|possibly Indian
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Brahmahridaya
|Haribha
|
|
|a Aur all texts or b Aur ??
|[[Shravana]]
|possibly Indian
|-
|13
|हस्त
|[[Hasta]]
|Hasta
|"the hand"
|Nakshatra in [[Corvus]]
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Dhanukoti
|Hayaamsha
|part of Dhanu
|Body part of horse (from Arabic)
|alf Ori
|Shylaja+ (2016)
|from Arabic
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Hayaamsha
|Hutabhuk
|Body part of horse  (from Arabic)
|
|
|Shylaja+ (2016)
|[[Krittika]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 403: Line 398:
|Hutabhuk
|Hutabhuk
|Fire, Agni
|Fire, Agni
|β Tau
|β Tau (Shylaja+ (2016))
|Shylaja+ (2016)
|-
|-
|
|
|इल्वल
|इल्वल
|[[Ilvala]]
|[[Ilvala|Ilvala (इल्वल)]]
|Ilvala
|Ilvala
|
|
|ζ, ε, δ Ori (Belt of Orion)
|possibly Indian Indigenous: ζ, ε, δ Ori (Belt of Orion)
|possibly Indian
|-
|
|
|
|Jaladaivata
|
|[[Purva Ashadha]]
|-
|
|
|
|Jalarksha
|
|[[Purva Ashadha]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 419: Line 426:
|Jantupuchcha
|Jantupuchcha
|
|
|bet Cet
|from Arabic: bet Cet
|from Arabic
|-
|18
|ज्येष्ठा
|[[Jyeshtha|Jyeṣṭha]]
|Jyeshtha
|"the eldest, most excellent"
|Nakshatra in [[Scorpius|Sco]]
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Kakaskandha  
|Kakaskandha
|shoulder of crow
|shoulder of crow
|eps Crv
|from Arabic: eps Crv
|from Arabic
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|kakayukta, kakudapuchha, kalaja
|Kakayukta
|related to crow
|related to crow
|alf Cyg
|from Arabic: alf Cyg
|from Arabic
|-
|
|
|
|Kakudapuchha
|
|kakayukta
|-
|
|
|
|Kalaja
|
|kakayukta
|-
|-
|
|
Line 443: Line 468:
|Kapala
|Kapala
|human skull
|human skull
|alf Phe
|possibly Indian Indigenous:  alf Phe
|possibly Indian
|-
|
|
|
|Kara
|
|[[Hasta]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 451: Line 482:
|Kartitakara
|Kartitakara
|??
|??
|β Cas
|β Cas (Shylaja+ (2016))
|Shylaja+ (2016)
|-
|3
|कृत्तिका
|[[Krittika|Kṛttika]]
|Krittika
|personified as the nurses of Kārttikeya, a son of Shiva
|Nakshatra ([[Pleiades]])
|-
|-
|
|
Line 459: Line 496:
|Lubdhaka
|Lubdhaka
|
|
|alf CMa
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf CMa  
|possibly Indian
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|Lubdhaka Bandhu
|
|Yamyavasu
|-
|10
|मघा
|[[Magha|Maghā]]
|Magha
|"the bountiful"?
|Nakshatra in [[Leo]]
|-
|
|
|
|Mahendrasuri
|
|
|Malayendu
|Malayendu
|-
|
|
|Ardralubdhaka
|
|possibly Indian
|
|Maitra
|
|[[Anuradha]]
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|Malayendu, Ardralubdhaka, ShaNmukha, Sadaasya
|Malayendu
|
|from Arabic, possibly Indian: tet Cet
|-
|
|
|Malayendu / mahendrasuri
|
|
|ShaNmukha, Sadaasya
|Mānuṣaśīrṣa
|possibly Indian
|Manusasirsa, Manusha shirsha
|Head of a person (from Arabic)
|β Per (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|Mānus  ̟ aśīrs ̟ a
|
|Manusasirsa, Manusha  shirsha
|Manushahsta
|Head of a person  (from Arabic)
|
|β Per
|Nrihasta
|Shylaja+ (2016)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 491: Line 552:
|Manushyaparshava
|Manushyaparshava
|
|
|alf Per
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Per
|possibly Indian
|-
|-
|
|
Line 499: Line 559:
|Marici
|Marici
|name of a sage
|name of a sage
|eta UMa  
|possibly Indian Indigenous: eta UMa
|possibly Indian
|-
|-
|
|
Line 507: Line 566:
|Matsyamukha
|Matsyamukha
|
|
|alf PsA
|from Arabic: alf PsA
|from Arabic
|-
|-
|
|
Line 515: Line 573:
|Matsyapuchha
|Matsyapuchha
|the tail of a fish
|the tail of a fish
|alf Gru
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Gru
|possibly Indian
|-
|-
|
|
Line 522: Line 579:
|
|
|Matsyodara
|Matsyodara
|Belly of the fish (from Arabic)
|Belly of the fish (from Arabic)
|β And
|β And (Shylaja+ (2016))
|Shylaja+ (2016)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 531: Line 587:
|Mithunadakshina, Mithunapadadakshina
|Mithunadakshina, Mithunapadadakshina
|left side of Gemini
|left side of Gemini
|bet Ori
|from Arabic: bet Ori
|from Arabic
|-
|-
|
|
Line 539: Line 594:
|Mithunapada
|Mithunapada
|foot of Gemini
|foot of Gemini
|zet Tau
|from Arabic: zet Tau
|from Arabic
|-
|-
|
|
Line 547: Line 601:
|Mithunavamaskanda
|Mithunavamaskanda
|right side of Gemini
|right side of Gemini
|kap, nu Ori
|from Arabic: kap, nu Ori
|from Arabic
|-
|5
|मृगशिर
|[[Mrigashira]]
|Mrigashira
|"the deer's head".
|Nakshatra in [[Orion|Ori]]
|-
|19
|मूल
|[[Mula|Mūlā]]
|Mula
|"the root"
|Nakshatra in [[Scorpius|Sco]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 555: Line 622:
|Muneendra
|Muneendra
|great sage
|great sage
|alf UMa
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf UMa
|possibly Indian
|-
|-
|
|
Line 563: Line 629:
|Muni
|Muni
|sage
|sage
|eta UMa
|possibly Indian Indigenous: eta UMa
|possibly Indian
|-
|-
|
|
Line 570: Line 635:
|
|
|Nadyantaka
|Nadyantaka
|End of the river (from Arabic)
|End of the river (from Arabic)
|γ Phe
|γ Phe (Shylaja+ (2016))
|Shylaja+ (2016)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 579: Line 643:
|Nakrapuchha
|Nakrapuchha
|tail of the crocodile
|tail of the crocodile
|sig Aqr
|possibly Indian Indigenous: sig Aqr  
|possibly Indian
|-
|
|
|
|Nirtibha
|
|Mula
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Nrihasta/Manushahsta
|Nrihasta
|man's hand
|man's hand
|tet Aur
|from Arabic: tet Aur
|from Arabic
|-
|-
|
|
Line 595: Line 664:
|Nripada
|Nripada
|foot of a man
|foot of a man
|bet Cen
|from Arabic: bet Cen
|from Arabic
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|Nr  ̟ pārśva
|Nṛpārśva
|Nrparsva, Nruparshva
|Nrparsva, Nruparshva
|Side of a person/ part of the face of a man (from Arabic)
|Side of a person/ part of the face of a man (from Arabic)
|α Per
|α Per (Shylaja+ (2016))
|Shylaja+ (2016)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 611: Line 678:
|Nuramsa
|Nuramsa
|man's shoulder
|man's shoulder
|bet Aur
|from Arabic: bet Aur
|from Arabic
|-
|
|
|
|Paitra
|
|Magha
|-
|
|
|
|Phanibha
|
|Ashlesha
|-
|
|
|Pīṭhamūla
|Pithhamula, Peethamulam
|Base of the seat or chair
|γ Cas (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|
|Pourshna
|
|Revati
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|Pīt  ̟ hamūla
|
|Pithhamula,  Peethamulam
|Pragbhadra
|Base of the seat or  chair
|
|γ Cas
|Purva  Bhadrapada
|Shylaja+ (2016)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 627: Line 720:
|Prajapathi
|Prajapathi
|
|
|d Aur
|possibly Indian Indigenous: d Aur
|possibly Indian
|-
|7
|पुनर्वसु (dual)
|[[Punarvasu]]
|Punarvasu
|"the twinrestorers of goods",
yamakau "the two chariots"?
|Nakshatra in [[Gemini|Gem]]
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Purato Muneendra  
|Purato Muneendra
|next sage
|next sage
|gam UMa
|possibly Indian Indigenous: gam UMa  
|possibly Indian
|-
|20
|पूर्व आषाढा
|[[Purva Ashadha|Purvaṣādha]]
|Purva Ashadha
|"first of the invincible"
|Nakshatra in [[Sagittarius|Sgr]]
|-
|25
|पूर्व भाद्रपदा/
पूर्व प्रोष्ठपदा
|[[Purva Bhadrapada|Purvābhādra]]
|Purva Bhadrapada
|"the first of the blessed feet"?
|Nakshatra in [[Pegasus|Peg]]
|-
|11
|पूर्व फाल्गुनी
|[[Purva Phalguni|Pūrva Phalgunī]]
|Purva Phalguni
|"first reddish one"?
|Nakshatra in [[Leo]]
|-
|8
|पुष्य
|[[Pushya]]
|Pushya
|"the nourisher"
|Nakshatra in [[Cancer|Cnc]]
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Samudra pakshi
|Ravibha
|
|
|i Cet
|[[Hasta]]
|from Arabic
|-
|-
|27
|रेवती
|[[Revati]]
|Revati
|"prosperous"?
|Nakshatra in [[Pisces|Psc]]
|-
|4
|रोहिणी
|[[Rohini]]
|Rohini
|"the red one"
|Nakshatra ([[Hyades]])
|-
|
|
|
|Roudra
|
|[[Ardra]]
|-
|
|
|Śakra
|
|
|[[Jyeshtha]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|Samudra  pakshi
|
|
|from Arabic: i Cet
|-
|
|
|sarpa shirsha / Bhujaga shirsha
|
|
|Sarpa
|
|[[Ashlesha]]
|-
|
|
|
|Sarpa  shirsha
|head of serpent
|head of serpent
|alf Ser
|from Arabic: alf Ser
|from Arabic
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Sarpayukta  
|Sarpayukta
|one with serpent
|one with serpent
|alf Ara
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Ara  
|possibly Indian
|-
|-
|
|
Line 666: Line 833:
|
|
|Sauroktarudra
|Sauroktarudra
|Rudra cited in Soura – may be suryasiddhanta
|Rudra cited in Soura – may be suryasiddhanta
|alf Ori
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Ori
|possibly Indian
|-
|-
|
|
Line 675: Line 841:
|Shakthibha
|Shakthibha
|
|
|eta Boo
|possibly Indian Indigenous: eta Boo
|possibly Indian
|-
|24
|शतभिष/
शततारका
|[[Shatabhisha|Śatabhiṣa]]
|Shatabhisha/
Satabhisa
|a hundred physicians"
|Nakshatra in [[Aquarius|Aqr]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 683: Line 857:
|Shishumaara
|Shishumaara
|dolphin or fish
|dolphin or fish
|tet Oph
|possibly Indian Indigenous: tet Oph
|possibly Indian
|-
|
|
|
|Shivabha
|
|[[Ardra]]
|-
|22
|श्रवण
|[[Shravana|Śravana]]
|Shravana
|Listening
|Nakshatra in [[Aquila]]
|-
|
|
|
|Sidhya
|
|[[Pushya]]
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Simha PrishTha  
|Simha PrishTha
|backside of lion
|backside of lion
|del Leo
|from Arabic: del Leo
|from Arabic
|-
|-
|
|
Line 699: Line 892:
|Simhaguhyam
|Simhaguhyam
|male organ of lion
|male organ of lion
|iot Leo
|from Arabic: iot Leo
|from Arabic
|-
|-
|
|
Line 707: Line 899:
|Simhasaka
|Simhasaka
|part of lion
|part of lion
|gam Leo
|from Arabic: gam Leo
|from Arabic
|-
|-
|
|
Line 715: Line 906:
|Skanda
|Skanda
|(6 headed karitikeya)
|(6 headed karitikeya)
|alf Aur -
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Aur  
|possibly Indian
|-
|
|
|
|Somya
|
|[[Mrigashira]]
|-
|
|
|Śraviṣṭhā
|Shravishtha
|
|[[Dhanishta]]
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|Supīt  ̟ ha
|Śṛti
|Supithha, Supeetha (chair)
|Shirti
|Auspicious seat / chair
|
|δ Cas
|[[Shravana]]
|Shylaja+ (2016)
|-
|
|
|Supīṭha
|Supithha, Supeetha
|Auspicious seat / chair
|δ Cas (Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|15
|स्वाति
|[[Svati]]
|Svati
|"Su-Ati - Goodness
|Nakshatra in [[Bootes]]
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Tatpurato Muneendra  
|Tatpurato Muneendra
|the sage after that
|the sage after that
|eps UMa
|possibly Indian Indigenous: eps UMa
|possibly Indian
|-
|
|
|Tiṣya
|Tishya
|
|Pushya
|-
|-
|
|
Line 739: Line 962:
|Torana
|Torana
|decorative motif on the main door
|decorative motif on the main door
|alf Ser
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Ser  
|possibly Indian
|-
|
|
|
|Toya
|
|Purva  Ashadha
|-
|-
|
|
Line 746: Line 975:
|[[Trivikrama]]
|[[Trivikrama]]
|Trivikrama
|Trivikrama
|three steps /  
|three steps /one who put three steps
one who put three steps
|possibly Indian Indigenous: ξν, μλ, ικ UMa
|ξν, μλ, ικ UMa
|possibly Indian
|-
|-
|
|
Line 755: Line 982:
|
|
|Tulaikasikha
|Tulaikasikha
|First star of Tula (Libra)
|First star of Tula (Libra)
|? Lib (same as  Visakha?)
|an asterism in [[Libra]], perhaps [[Vishakha]] (Shylaja+ (2016))
|Shylaja+ (2016)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 764: Line 990:
|Tulanyasikha
|Tulanyasikha
|Another star of Tula
|Another star of Tula
|?Lib
|an asterism in [[Libra]] (Shylaja+ (2016))
|Shylaja+ (2016)
|-
|
|
|[[Turaganga]]
|Turaganga
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 772: Line 1,004:
|Turanga
|Turanga
|
|
|nu Cet
|from Arabic: nu Cet
|from Arabic
|-
|-
|
|
Line 779: Line 1,010:
|
|
|Turangaasa
|Turangaasa
|Body part of horse (from Arabic)
|Body part of horse (from Arabic)
|(Shylaja+ (2016))
|-
|
|
|
|Tvarshtra
|
|[[Chitra]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|Shylaja+ (2016)
|Upāntya
|
|[[Uttara  Bhadrapada]]
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Urdhva Paschimaga  
|Urdhva Paschimaga
|the one above and to the west
|the one above and to the west
|alf UMa
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf UMa
|possibly Indian
|-
|21
|उत्तर आषाढा
|[[Uttara Ashadha|Uttara Āṣāḍhā]]
|Uttara Ashadha
|"Latter invincible"
|Nakshatra in [[Sagittarius|Sgr]]
|-
|26
|उत्तर भाद्रपदा/
उत्तर प्रोष्ठपदा
|[[Uttara Bhadrapada|Uttara Bhādrapada]]
|Uttara Bhadrapada
(U. Bhadra)
|"the second of the blessed feet"?
|Nakshatra in [[Pegasus|Peg]]+[[Andromeda|And]]
|-
|12
|उत्तर फाल्गुनी
|[[Uttara Phalguni|Uttara Phalgunī]]
|Uttara Phalguni
|"second reddish one"?
|Nakshatra in [[Leo]]
|-
|
|
|
|Vaisnava
|
|[[Shravana]]
|-
|
|
|
|Vaiśvadeva
|
|[[Uttara  Ashadha]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 796: Line 1,076:
|Vajibahu
|Vajibahu
|
|
|tet Cet
|from Arabic: tet Cet
|from Arabic
|-
|
|
|
|Varunarksha
|
|[[Shatabhisha|Satabhisa]]
|-
|
|
|
|Vāsava
|
|[[Dhanishta]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 804: Line 1,097:
|VasishTha
|VasishTha
|
|
|zet UMa
|possibly Indian Indigenous: zet UMa
|possibly Indian
|-
|
|
|
|Vasubha
|
|[[Dhanishta]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 812: Line 1,111:
|Vatsa
|Vatsa
|calf of a cow
|calf of a cow
|bet Tau
|possibly Indian Indigenous: bet Tau
|possibly Indian
|-
|-
|
|
Line 820: Line 1,118:
|Vayasa
|Vayasa
|
|
|bet Cyg
|from Arabic: bet Cyg
|from Arabic
|-
|
|
|
|Vidibha
|
|[[Abhijit]]
|-
|
|
|
|Viśākhā
|
|[[Vishakha]]
|-
|16
|विशाखा
|[[Vishakha]]
|Vishakha
|"forked, having many branches"
|Nakshatra in [[Libra]]
|-
|-
|
|
Line 828: Line 1,146:
|Yama
|Yama
|May be same as  Nadyantaka, South
|May be same as  Nadyantaka, South
|α Eri
|α Eri (Shylaja+ (2016))
|Shylaja+ (2016)
|-
|-
|
|
Line 836: Line 1,153:
|Yamyavasu, Lubdhaka Bandhu
|Yamyavasu, Lubdhaka Bandhu
|southern vasu
|southern vasu
|alf CMi
|possibly Indian Indigenous: alf CMi  
|possibly Indian
|-
|-
|
|
Line 844: Line 1,160:
|Yugala
|Yugala
|
|
|tet Oph
|possibly Indian Indigenous: tet Oph  
|possibly Indian
|-
|-
|
|
Line 852: Line 1,167:
|Yugasamkaravya
|Yugasamkaravya
|
|
|gam Ori
|possibly Indian Indigenous: gam Ori
|possibly Indian
|-
|-
|
|
Line 860: Line 1,174:
|[[Yugma]]
|[[Yugma]]
|"double" for the middle steps in [[Trivikrama]]
|"double" for the middle steps in [[Trivikrama]]
|lam, mu UMa
|possibly Indian Indigenous: lam, mu UMa (rarely also for gam+bet Dra)
|possibly Indian
|-
|
|युग्म
|
|[[Yugma]]
|
|gam+bet Dra
|possibly Indian
|-
|-
|
|
Line 876: Line 1,181:
|[[Yugmaka]]
|[[Yugmaka]]
|
|
|iot UMa, kap UMa
|possibly Indian Indigenous: iot+kap UMa
|possibly Indian
|}
|}


References  
References: Shylaja and Venketeswara Pai, 2018


[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Overviews]]

Latest revision as of 16:08, 5 February 2026

Authors: Susanne M Hoffmann, Shylaja, Roland Laffitte

Map of India, part of South Asia (UN region)
Display of all 28th nakshatra in a doorway in Tirupperunthurai (Athmanathaswamy temple) near Aranthangi, India, 10th century CE. (SMH 2025).

The Indian subcontinent hosts a rich and old traditional astronomy in many different flavours. It grew and was inspired by exchange with neighbouring cultures such as Chinese and Mesopotamian.

Solar System Names

Traditional Terms Transliteration English commentary
Bhānu, Sūrya and many more Sun There are many more names
Candra, Indu, Sudhaṁśu and many more Moon There are many more names
Budha Mercury
śukra Venus Very bright
Kuja, Angāraka Mars Ku = earth, Kuja = son of earth

Angāra = red hot charcoal

Guru, Bṛhaspati Jupiter wise person, Teacher / advisor for Gods
śani Saturn slow moving
Rahu (राहु) ascending node
Ketu (केतु) descending node

Dictionary of Asterisms (Stars and Constellations)

Naks. Number Sanscrit Transliteration English Description/ Translation Commentary
with diacritics without ...
28 अभिजित Abhijit (अभिजित) Abhijit Victorius Nakshatra in Lyra
Adhah Paschimaga the one below and west possibly Indian Indigenous: bet UMa
Aditerbha Punarvasu (पुनर्वसु)
Agasthya Canopus
Agni Kṛttika (कृत्तिका)
Agnidaiva Kṛttika (कृत्तिका)
Āgrahāyaṇī Agrahayani Mṛgaśira (मृगशिर)
Ahirbudhnya Uttara Bhādrapada (उत्तर भाद्रपदा)
Ahya Ashlesha (आश्लेषः)
Aindra Jyeṣṭha (ज्येष्ठा)
Ajaikapada Purva Bhadrapada
Ajanghri Purva Bhadrapada
Anila Svati (स्वाति)
17 अनुराधा Anuradha (अनुराधा) Anuradha "following rādhā" Nakshatra in Sco
Anyomuni another sage possibly Indian Indigenous: bet UMa
Āpa Apa ζ Vir (Shylaja and Pai (2019))
Apāṃvatsa Apamvatsa 74 Vir (Shylaja and Pai (2019))
Āptapān Aptapan ?? α Cas (Shylaja and Pai (2019))
Apya Purvaṣādha (पूर्व आषाढा)
6 आर्द्रा Ardra (आर्द्रा) Ardra wetness, Nakshatra (Betelgeuse)
Arya Uttara Phalguni
Aryamrksha Uttara Phalguni
9 आश्लेषः Āshleshā Ashlesha "the embrace" Nakshatra
Aśvanābha Ashvanabha Belly of the horse (from Arabic) α And (Shylaja and Pai (2019))
1 अश्विनी Aśvini Ashvini Twin physician of the Gods Nakshatra in Aries
Bhagya Purva Phalguni
Bhagybha Purva Phalguni
2 भरणी Bharani (भरणी) Bharani the bearer, a container Nakshatra in Aries
Bhujaga shirsha Sarpa shirsha
Bhujanga possibly Indian Indigenous: gam Vel
Brahmabha Rohiṇī (रोहिणी)
Brahmahridaya a Aur all texts or b Aur ??
Brāhmī Brahmi Rohiṇī (रोहिणी)
Brahmya Rohiṇī (रोहिणी)
14 चित्रा Citrā Chitra "the bright one" Nakshatra (Spica)
Dasra Aśvini
23 श्रविष्ठा/

धनिष्ठा

Dhaniṣṭhā Dhanishta "most famous",

also Shravishthā "swiftest"

Nakshatra in Del
Dhanukoti part of Dhanu from Arabic: alf Ori
Dvidaivata Viśākhā (विशाखा)
Dvitiyabhādra Dvitiyabhadra Uttara Bhadrapada
Haribha Śravana (श्रवण)
13 हस्त Hasta (हस्त) Hasta "the hand" Nakshatra in Corvus
Hayaamsha Body part of horse (from Arabic) Shylaja+ (2016)
Hutabhuk Kṛttika (कृत्तिका)
Hutabhuk Fire, Agni β Tau (Shylaja+ (2016))
इल्वल Ilvala (इल्वल) Ilvala possibly Indian Indigenous: ζ, ε, δ Ori (Belt of Orion)
Jaladaivata Purvaṣādha (पूर्व आषाढा)
Jalarksha Purvaṣādha (पूर्व आषाढा)
Jantupuchcha from Arabic: bet Cet
18 ज्येष्ठा Jyeṣṭha Jyeshtha "the eldest, most excellent" Nakshatra in Sco
Kakaskandha shoulder of crow from Arabic: eps Crv
Kakayukta related to crow from Arabic: alf Cyg
Kakudapuchha kakayukta
Kalaja kakayukta
Kapala human skull possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Phe
Kara Hasta (हस्त)
Kartitakara ?? β Cas (Shylaja+ (2016))
3 कृत्तिका Kṛttika Krittika personified as the nurses of Kārttikeya, a son of Shiva Nakshatra (Pleiades)
Lubdhaka possibly Indian Indigenous: alf CMa
Lubdhaka Bandhu Yamyavasu
10 मघा Maghā Magha "the bountiful"? Nakshatra in Leo
Mahendrasuri Malayendu
Maitra Anuradha (अनुराधा)
Malayendu, Ardralubdhaka, ShaNmukha, Sadaasya Malayendu from Arabic, possibly Indian: tet Cet
Mānuṣaśīrṣa Manusasirsa, Manusha shirsha Head of a person (from Arabic) β Per (Shylaja+ (2016))
Manushahsta Nrihasta
Manushyaparshava possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Per
Marici name of a sage possibly Indian Indigenous: eta UMa
Matsyamukha from Arabic: alf PsA
Matsyapuchha the tail of a fish possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Gru
Matsyodara Belly of the fish (from Arabic) β And (Shylaja+ (2016))
Mithunadakshina, Mithunapadadakshina left side of Gemini from Arabic: bet Ori
Mithunapada foot of Gemini from Arabic: zet Tau
Mithunavamaskanda right side of Gemini from Arabic: kap, nu Ori
5 मृगशिर Mṛgaśira (मृगशिर) Mrigashira "the deer's head". Nakshatra in Ori
19 मूल Mūlā Mula "the root" Nakshatra in Sco
Muneendra great sage possibly Indian Indigenous: alf UMa
Muni sage possibly Indian Indigenous: eta UMa
Nadyantaka End of the river (from Arabic) γ Phe (Shylaja+ (2016))
Nakrapuchha tail of the crocodile possibly Indian Indigenous: sig Aqr
Nirtibha Mula
Nrihasta man's hand from Arabic: tet Aur
Nripada foot of a man from Arabic: bet Cen
Nṛpārśva Nrparsva, Nruparshva Side of a person/ part of the face of a man (from Arabic) α Per (Shylaja+ (2016))
Nuramsa man's shoulder from Arabic: bet Aur
Paitra Magha
Phanibha Ashlesha
Pīṭhamūla Pithhamula, Peethamulam Base of the seat or chair γ Cas (Shylaja+ (2016))
Pourshna Revati
Pragbhadra Purva Bhadrapada
Prajapathi possibly Indian Indigenous: d Aur
7 पुनर्वसु (dual) Punarvasu (पुनर्वसु) Punarvasu "the twinrestorers of goods",

yamakau "the two chariots"?

Nakshatra in Gem
Purato Muneendra next sage possibly Indian Indigenous: gam UMa
20 पूर्व आषाढा Purvaṣādha Purva Ashadha "first of the invincible" Nakshatra in Sgr
25 पूर्व भाद्रपदा/

पूर्व प्रोष्ठपदा

Purvābhādra Purva Bhadrapada "the first of the blessed feet"? Nakshatra in Peg
11 पूर्व फाल्गुनी Pūrva Phalgunī Purva Phalguni "first reddish one"? Nakshatra in Leo
8 पुष्य Puṣya (पुष्य) Pushya "the nourisher" Nakshatra in Cnc
Ravibha Hasta (हस्त)
27 रेवती Revati (रेवती) Revati "prosperous"? Nakshatra in Psc
4 रोहिणी Rohiṇī (रोहिणी) Rohini "the red one" Nakshatra (Hyades)
Roudra Ardra (आर्द्रा)
Śakra Jyeṣṭha (ज्येष्ठा)
Samudra pakshi from Arabic: i Cet
Sarpa Ashlesha (आश्लेषः)
Sarpa shirsha head of serpent from Arabic: alf Ser
Sarpayukta one with serpent possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Ara
Sauroktarudra Rudra cited in Soura – may be suryasiddhanta possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Ori
Shakthibha possibly Indian Indigenous: eta Boo
24 शतभिष/

शततारका

Śatabhiṣa Shatabhisha/

Satabhisa

a hundred physicians" Nakshatra in Aqr
Shishumaara dolphin or fish possibly Indian Indigenous: tet Oph
Shivabha Ardra (आर्द्रा)
22 श्रवण Śravana Shravana Listening Nakshatra in Aquila
Sidhya Puṣya (पुष्य)
Simha PrishTha backside of lion from Arabic: del Leo
Simhaguhyam male organ of lion from Arabic: iot Leo
Simhasaka part of lion from Arabic: gam Leo
Skanda (6 headed karitikeya) possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Aur
Somya Mṛgaśira (मृगशिर)
Śraviṣṭhā Shravishtha Dhaniṣṭhā (श्रविष्ठा)
Śṛti Shirti Śravana (श्रवण)
Supīṭha Supithha, Supeetha Auspicious seat / chair δ Cas (Shylaja+ (2016))
15 स्वाति Svati (स्वाति) Svati "Su-Ati - Goodness Nakshatra in Bootes
Tatpurato Muneendra the sage after that possibly Indian Indigenous: eps UMa
Tiṣya Tishya Pushya
Torana decorative motif on the main door possibly Indian Indigenous: alf Ser
Toya Purva Ashadha
Trivikrama Trivikrama three steps /one who put three steps possibly Indian Indigenous: ξν, μλ, ικ UMa
Tulaikasikha First star of Tula (Libra) an asterism in Libra, perhaps Viśākhā (विशाखा) (Shylaja+ (2016))
Tulanyasikha Another star of Tula an asterism in Libra (Shylaja+ (2016))
Turagānga Turaganga
Turanga from Arabic: nu Cet
Turangaasa Body part of horse (from Arabic) (Shylaja+ (2016))
Tvarshtra Citrā (चित्रा)
Upāntya Uttara Bhadrapada
Urdhva Paschimaga the one above and to the west possibly Indian Indigenous: alf UMa
21 उत्तर आषाढा Uttara Āṣāḍhā Uttara Ashadha "Latter invincible" Nakshatra in Sgr
26 उत्तर भाद्रपदा/

उत्तर प्रोष्ठपदा

Uttara Bhādrapada Uttara Bhadrapada

(U. Bhadra)

"the second of the blessed feet"? Nakshatra in Peg+And
12 उत्तर फाल्गुनी Uttara Phalgunī Uttara Phalguni "second reddish one"? Nakshatra in Leo
Vaisnava Śravana (श्रवण)
Vaiśvadeva Uttara Ashadha
Vajibahu from Arabic: tet Cet
Varunarksha Satabhisa
Vāsava Dhaniṣṭhā (श्रविष्ठा)
VasishTha possibly Indian Indigenous: zet UMa
Vasubha Dhaniṣṭhā (श्रविष्ठा)
Vatsa calf of a cow possibly Indian Indigenous: bet Tau
Vayasa from Arabic: bet Cyg
Vidibha Abhijit (अभिजित)
Viśākhā Viśākhā (विशाखा)
16 विशाखा Viśākhā (विशाखा) Vishakha "forked, having many branches" Nakshatra in Libra
Yama May be same as Nadyantaka, South α Eri (Shylaja+ (2016))
Yamyavasu, Lubdhaka Bandhu southern vasu possibly Indian Indigenous: alf CMi
Yugala possibly Indian Indigenous: tet Oph
Yugasamkaravya possibly Indian Indigenous: gam Ori
युग्म Yugma (युग्म) "double" for the middle steps in Trivikrama possibly Indian Indigenous: lam, mu UMa (rarely also for gam+bet Dra)
युग्मक Yugmaka (युग्मक) possibly Indian Indigenous: iot+kap UMa

References: Shylaja and Venketeswara Pai, 2018

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