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{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.MAḪ}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.MAḪ}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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UR.MAḪ (𒌨𒈤) is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is <sup>(mul)</sup>''[[nēšu]],'' "The Lion". The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation classical Leo (also Sumerian [[UR.GU.LA|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]).     
[[File:Leo seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|Leo as ordinary lion on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993)]]
UR.MAḪ (𒌨𒈤) =  is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is <sup>(mul)</sup>''[[nēšu]],'' "The Lion". The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation classical Leo (also Sumerian [[UR.GU.LA|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]).     


There had been speculations about a second lion-asterism in Mesopotamian uranography. Yet there is no proof for a lion-asterism other than classical [[Leo]]. See [Hoffmann and Horowitz 2025<ref name=":6">Hoffmann and Horowitz (2025). Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, [https://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/publikationen/afo/ Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)] 56, 33-43</ref>], and <sup>mul</sup>UR.NIG, ''nēltu,'' "lioness".  
There had been speculations about a second lion-asterism in Mesopotamian uranography. Yet there is no proof for a lion-asterism other than classical [[Leo]]. See [Hoffmann and Horowitz 2025<ref name=":6">Hoffmann and Horowitz (2025). Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, [https://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/publikationen/afo/ Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)] 56, 33-43</ref>].  There is however an example of <sup>mul</sup>UR.NIG = ''nēltu,'' "lioness".  


== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
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[[Category:Constellation]]  
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[[Category:West Asian]]  
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Asterism]]  
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Leo]]

Latest revision as of 06:37, 6 June 2026

Authors: Susanne M Hoffmann, Gennady E. Kurtik, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Wayne Horowitz, Jan Safford, Youla Azkarrula

Leo as ordinary lion on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993)

UR.MAḪ (𒌨𒈤) = is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is (mul)nēšu, "The Lion". The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation classical Leo (also Sumerian mulUR.GU.LA).

There had been speculations about a second lion-asterism in Mesopotamian uranography. Yet there is no proof for a lion-asterism other than classical Leo. See [Hoffmann and Horowitz 2025[1]]. There is however an example of mulUR.NIG = nēltu, "lioness".

Concordance, Etymology, History[2]

Var.

Var. designations:

  • 1) The constellation Leo, more commonly known as mulUR.GU.LA "Lion" (Leo) in Sumerian.
  • 2) some authors had suggested a small constellation north of the traditional Leo [BPO 2[3], 16; Gössman 1950[4], 168; Heimpel 1987, 84; Weidner 1927[5], 81-82] which is disproven [Hoffmann and Horowitz 2025[1]].
Sources Identifications
Lexical texts.
  • (1) Unilingual Sumerian list of stars: mulur.maḫ [MSL XI[6], 144, Forerunner 9 col. iii 5].
  • (2) Urra XXII series: [mulu]r.maḫ = ne2-e-šu2 [MSL XI[6], 31, Gap j:b; Weidner 1959-60[7], 112, VAT 9430:26], mulur.ma[ḫ] = [...] x ta x x [SpTU III[8], 114A v 31].
Enuma Anu Enlil (EAE).

See. [Borger 1973[9], LB 1321 r. 29′; Verderame 2002[10], 248; SpTU III[8], 101:36, r. 5].

MUL.APIN.
  • Astrological predictions: DIŠ mul4 UR.MAḪ MUL4meš-šu2 il-tap-pu-u 3.20 KI DU NIG2.E3 MUL4 BI / MUL KASKAL "If the stars of Leo flashes: the king will be victorious wherever he goes. This star — a marching star" (II iii 30-31) [MA[11], 112, 134; AHw[12], 1177a], for a parallel see prediction (3) below.
"Letters" and "Reports."

See. [SAA 10[13], 160:21; SAA 8[14], 350b].

Additional

Symbol.

           The figure of a lion. Description in VAT 9428, obv. 17-18: mulUR.MAḪ SIPA šar-ḫ[u xxxx] UGU KUN-šu2 MUL ana IGI ḫu-ru-u[p-p]i / u3 qu-ru-˹ub?˺ 4?  M[UL?.MEŠ? x x 1 MU]L ina GABA-šu2 e-ṣir "The lion — a wonderful shepherd [...] a star above its tail, in the front ... and next to 4(?) stars(?) and 1 star is depicted on its chest." [Weidner 1927[5], 74-75, 81-82; Beaulieu et al. 2018[15], 22, 25, Section V]. KUN mulUR.MAḪ "The Lion's tail" is also mentioned in the commentary on the predictions in [Verderame 2002[10], 37, Tav. Ih: v. 5′, 7′].

Previous Identification(s).

           = Leo Minor + southern section of the Ursa Maior [Weidner 1927[5], 81].

           = Leo Minor [Weidner 1957-59[16], 79a].

           = Leo [BPO 2[17], 16].

           = constellation north of Leo [Heimpel1987, 84].

Astrology.

Identifications:

           (1) = mulUR.GU.LA "Leo"; see (Kurtik ts02) dṢalbatānu, III 38, (Kurtik u18) UR.BAR.RA, IV 7.

Predictions:

           (2) Wolf (= Mars) reaches Leo; see (Kurtik u18) UR.BAR.RA, IV 7.

           (3) If the stars of Leo light up (during the first morning appearance of Jupiter within Leo); DIŠ mulUR.MAḪ MUL.MEŠ-šu2 ul-tap-pu-u2 / LUGAL a-šar il-la-ku / li-is-su "If the stars of Leo lights up? (again): the king will prevail wherever he goes." [SAA 8[14], 437:3-5], the commentary says: [mulSA]G.ME.GAR / [ina mul]UR.GU.LA / [iz-za-a]z-ma "[Ju]piter [in] Leo [sto]it." [SAA 8[14], 289:3-r. 1], see also [ibid.[14], 54:6-7; 228:13; SAA 10[13], 160:21; SpTU III[18], 101 r. 5; ACh Suppl.[19] 2, 78 iv 4-6].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, n19)

(mul)Nēšu
аккадская параллель к mulUR.MAḪ «Лев», только в лексической серии Urra XXII из Эмара, см. u22UR.MAḪ.
Kurtik (2022, u22) Gössmann (1950)
= nēšu «Лев»; 1) созвездие, нередко отождествляемое с mulUR.GU.LA «Лев» (Leo); 2) небольшое созвездие к северу от традиционного Льва(?) [BPO 2, 16; Gössman 1950, 168; Heimpel 1987, 84; Weidner 1927, 81–82].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulur.maḫ [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9 col. iii 5]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: [mulu]r.maḫ = ne2-e-šu2 [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:b; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:26], mulur.ma[ḫ] = […] x ta x x [SpTU III, 114A v 31]. EAE. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 29′; Verderame 2002, 248; SpTU III, 101:36, r. 5]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: DIŠ mul4UR.MAḪ MUL4meš-šu2 il-tap-pu-u 3,20 KI DU NIG2.E3 MUL4 BI / MUL KASKAL «Если Лев, звезды его вспыхивают: царь, куда бы он ни пошел, будет победоносен. Эта звезда — походная звезда» (II iii 30–31) [MA, 112, 134; AHw, 1177a], параллель см. ниже предсказание (3). «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 160:21; SAA 8, 350b].

II. Символ.

Фигура льва. Описание в VAT 9428, obv. 17–18: mulUR.MAḪ SIPA šar-ḫ[u xxxxx] UGU KUN-šu2 MUL ana IGI ḫu-ru-u[p-p]i / u3 qu-ru-˹ub?˺ 4?  M[UL?.MEŠ? x x 1 MU]L ina GABA-šu2 e-ṣir «Лев – великолепный пастух […] выше его хвоста звезда, впереди … и рядом 4(?) звезды(?) и 1 звезда на его груди изображена» [Weidner 1927, 74–75, 81–82; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 22, 25, Section V]. KUN mulUR.MAḪ «Хвост Льва» упомянут также в комментариях к предсказаниям в [Verderame 2002, 37, Tav. Ih: v. 5′, 7′].

III. Отождествление.

= Leo Minor + южная часть Ursa Maior [Weidner 1927, 81].

= Leo Minor [Weidner 1957–59, 79a].

= Leo [BPO 2, 16].

= созвездие к северу от Leo [Heimpel 1987, 84].

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = mulUR.GU.LA «Лев»; см. (Kurtik ts02) dṢalbatānu, III 38, u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 7.

Предсказания:

(2) Волк (= Марс) достигает Льва; см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 7.

(3) Если звезды Льва вспыхивают (первое утреннее появление Юпитера во Льве); DIŠ mulUR.MAḪ MUL.MEŠ-šu2 ul-tap-pu-u2 / LUGAL a-šar il-la-ku / li-is-su «Если звезды Льва (повторно) вспыхивают?: царь одержит победу, куда бы он ни пошел» [SAA 8, 437:3–5], в комментарии сказано: [mulSA]G.ME.GAR / [ina mul]UR.GU.LA / [iz-za-a]z-ma «[Ю]питер [во] Льве [сто]ит» [SAA 8, 289:3–r. 1], см. также [ibid., 54:6–7; 228:13; SAA 10, 160:21; SpTU III, 101 r. 5; ACh Suppl. 2, 78 iv 4–6].

Example
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hoffmann and Horowitz (2025). Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 33-43
  2. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  3. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  4. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Weidner E.  Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = hubullu. Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.
  7. ↑ Weidner  E.  Ein  astrologischer  Sammeltext  aus  der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
  9. ↑ Borger R. Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Verderame L. Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.
  11. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  12. ↑ Soden von W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier, Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Hunger H. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).
  15. ↑ Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
  16. ↑ Weidner  E.  Ein  astrologischer  Sammeltext  aus  der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.
  17. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  18. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
  19. ↑ Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
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