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Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
----
(MUL.MEŠ) ''Ziqpu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession (define???) over the nights of the year. The noun ''ziqpu'' is from the root ''zaqāpu,'' which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake)'. Lists of these stars,<ref name=":0" /> with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360° ideal year are given in the ''ziqpu''-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1''°''RA'','' and hence indicative of a 360° full circle/circuit of ''ziqpu''-stars (''kippat ziqpī'') [Horowitz 1994, 20?? MCG<ref name=":1" />, also with reference to a 364° circuit echoing the 364 day year in use in the Dead Sea Scrolls and elsewhere].  
(MUL.MEŠ) ''Ziqpu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession (define???) over the nights of the year. The noun ''ziqpu'' is from the root ''zaqāpu,'' which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake)'. Lists of these stars,<ref name=":0" /> with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360° ideal year are given in the ''ziqpu''-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1''°''RA'','' and hence indicative of a 360° full circle/circuit of ''ziqpu''-stars (''kippat ziqpī'') [Horowitz 1994, 20?? Horowitz 1988<ref name=":1" />, also with reference to a 364° circuit echoing the 364 day year in use in the Dead Sea Scrolls and elsewhere].  


==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. designations:  
'''Var. designations:'''
* 1) ''ziqpu'', a standard term for the culminations of stars and planets, used since the Sargonic times;  
* 1) ''ziqpu'', a standard term for the culminations of stars and planets, used since the Sargonic times;  
* 2) MUL.MEŠ ''ziqpu'', specially selected groups of stars that formed a closed belt in the sky, whose successive culminations made it possible to record at night the moments and time intervals between observations with a high degree of accuracy [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 84-90; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 127ff].
* 2) MUL.MEŠ ''ziqpu'', specially selected groups of stars that formed a closed belt in the sky, whose successive culminations made it possible to record at night the moments and time intervals between observations with a high degree of accuracy [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 84-90; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 127ff].
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
! scope="col" style="width: 67%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 33%;" |Identifications
|-
|-
|'''EAE.'''  
|'''EAE.'''  
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 290].  
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 290].  
|Example
|
|-
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
Line 21: Line 22:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
!
!orig.
!
!transl.
|-
|-
|MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ziq-pi ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUB<sup>meš</sup>-''ma'' GI<sub>6</sub> KUR ''u'' ŠU<sub>2</sub>-''bi'' / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>''-bi-šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu im-ma-ru'' /  
|MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ziq-pi ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUB<sup>meš</sup>-''ma'' GI<sub>6</sub> KUR ''u'' ŠU<sub>2</sub>-''bi'' / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>''-bi-šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu im-ma-ru'' /  
Line 28: Line 29:
|-
|-
|
|
* <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA  
# <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA
* MUL.BAL.TEŠ<sub>2</sub>.A
# MUL.BAL.TEŠ<sub>2</sub>.A
* <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup>  
# <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup>  
* <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU /  
# <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU /
* <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub>  
# <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub>  
* <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A  
# <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A
* <sup>mul</sup>''lu-lim''  
# <sup>mul</sup>''lu-lim''  
* <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI  
# <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI
* <sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub> /  
# <sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub> /
* <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL  
# <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL
* <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL 
# <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL 
* <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA  
# <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA
* <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>  
# <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>  
* ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>''Ḫe''<sub>2</sub>-''gal''<sub>2</sub>-''la-a-a'' / 
# ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>''Ḫe''<sub>2</sub>-''gal''<sub>2</sub>-''la-a-a'' / 
|
|
* the Shupa,  
# the Shupa,
* the Constellation of Dignity,
# the Constellation of Dignity,
* the Standing Gods,  
# the Standing Gods,
* the Dog,  
# the Dog,
* the Goat,  
# the Goat,
* the Demon with the Gaping Mouth,  
# the Demon with the Gaping Mouth,
* the Stag,  
# the Stag,
* the Old Man,  
# the Old Man,
* the Staff,  
# the Crook,
* the Great Twins,
# the Great Twins,
* the Crab,  
# the Crab,
* the Lion,  
# the Lion,
* Erua,  
# Erua,
* and the Asterism of Abundance.
# and the Asterism of Abundance.
|-
|-
|PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ziq-pi ša''<sub>2</sub> KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB<sup>me</sup>-''zu-ma'' GI<sub>6</sub> SAR<sup>meš</sup> ''u'' ŠU<sub>2</sub><sup>meš</sup> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>-''bi-šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu tam-ma-ru''
|PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ziq-pi ša''<sub>2</sub> KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB<sup>me</sup>-''zu-ma'' GI<sub>6</sub> SAR<sup>meš</sup> ''u'' ŠU<sub>2</sub><sup>meš</sup> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>-''bi-šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu tam-ma-ru''
|They all are ziqpu-stars that stand in the path of Enlil and in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer, who, in the dark night, observes the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky "
|They all are ziqpu-stars that stand in the path of Enlil and in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer, who, in the dark night, observes the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky "
|}
|}
(I iv 1-9) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 57-60].
(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":2">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 57-60].
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of ziqpu-stars:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
|-
|
|-
|
# in [[Bootes]] (perhaps the complete constellation, perhaps only [[Arcturus]]),
# [[Corona Borealis]],
# the Standing Gods (uncertain because of change over time: see [[DINGIR.GUB.BA]]),
# a part of [[Hercules]],
# [[Lyra]],
# covers areas of [[Cepheus]]+[[Cygnus]] and touches [[Andromeda]],
# the Stag (in the region of [[Cassiopeia]]/ [[Andromeda]]),
# [[Perseus]],
# [[Auriga]],
# [[Gemini]],
# [[Cancer]],
# [[Leo]],
# [[Coma Berenices]],
# and the Asterism of Abundance.
|-
|
|
|}
(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":2" />, 57-60].
|-
|-
|'''"Letters."'''  
|'''"Letters."'''  
Line 73: Line 100:
* "(The distance) between the (groups of) culminating stars which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle [of the sky] opposite the chest of the one who observes the sky, who, in the dark night, [observes] the rising and [setting] of the stars in the midst of the sky " [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:2-4; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:2-4; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; MCG<ref name=":1">''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 183].
* "(The distance) between the (groups of) culminating stars which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle [of the sky] opposite the chest of the one who observes the sky, who, in the dark night, [observes] the rising and [setting] of the stars in the midst of the sky " [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:2-4; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:2-4; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; MCG<ref name=":1">''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 183].


Numbers and names of ziqpu stars, according to [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88-89; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J.  ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]:
Numbers and names of ziqpu stars, according to [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88-89; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J.  ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]:  
     
{| class="wikitable"
 
|+
* I.   <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN "Yoke" (Kurtik sh18).                                                
!orig.
* II.  [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|<sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']] "The rear portion of the harness" (Kurtik sh21).
!transl.
* III. [[GAM-ti|<sup>mul</sup>GAM-''ti'']] "Staff" (Kurtik g05).
!
* IV. [[Maš-a-ti|MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''maš-a-ti'']] "Stars from the Pair" (Kurtik m14).
|-
* V.  MUL ša<sub>2</sub> tak-ša-a-ti "Stars from the Triple" (Kurtik t01).
|
* VI. [[DILI|MUL DILI]] "Separate Star" (Kurtik d07).
# <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN
* VII. [[GAŠAN.TIN|<sup>mul</sup>GAŠAN.TIN]] "Lord of Life" (Kurtik g09).
#  [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|<sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]  
* VIII. ''[[Kumāru|ku-ma-ri]] ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A "Shoulder of the UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A daemon" (Kurtik k25).
# [[GAM-ti|<sup>mul</sup>GAM-''ti'']]  
* IX.  [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]] "The bright star on its breast (Kurtik n20)
# [[Maš-a-ti|MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''maš-a-ti'']]  
* X.  [[Kinṣu|<sup>mul</sup>kin-ṣi]] "Knee, shin?"(Kurtik k18).
# MUL ša<sub>2</sub> tak-ša-a-ti  
* XI.   [[Asidu|<sup>mul</sup>''a-si-di'']] "Heel (of the Panther)" (Kurtik a47).
# [[DILI|MUL DILI]]
* XII.  4 ša<sub>2</sub> [[LU.LIM|<sup>mul</sup>LU.LIM]] "4 stars of the Stag" (Kurtik L09).
# [[GAŠAN.TIN|<sup>mul</sup>GAŠAN.TIN]]  
* XIII. [[Ummulūtu|<sup>mul</sup>''um-mu-lu-ti'']] "dim stars" (Kurtik u14).
# ''[[Kumāru|ku-ma-ri]] ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A  
* XIV. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|MUL ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI]] "Bright star in the Old Man" (Kurtik n21).
# [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]]  
* XV. [[Naṣrapu|<sup>mul</sup>''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']] (Kurtik n08).
# [[Kinṣu|<sup>mul</sup>kin-ṣi]]
* XVI. [[GAM3|<sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub>]] "Staff" (Kurtik g06).
# [[Asidu|<sup>mul</sup>''a-si-di'']]  
* XVII. [[KIŠIB|MUL KIŠIB]] GAM<sub>3</sub> "Hand on the Staff" (Kurtik k21).
# 4 ša<sub>2</sub> [[LU.LIM|<sup>mul</sup>LU.LIM]]  
* XVIII. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA]] "(Frontal) Twin" (Kurtik m16).
# [[Ummulūtu|<sup>mul</sup>''um-mu-lu-ti'']]  
* XIX. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA]] EGIR-''i'' "Rear Twin" (Kurtik m16).
# [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|MUL ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI]]  
* XX. [[AL.LUL|<sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL]] "Crab" (Kurtik a18).
# [[Naṣrapu|<sup>mul</sup>''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']]
* XXI. [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]] "2 stars on the head of the Lion" (Kurtik s06).
# [[GAM3|<sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub>]]  
* XXII. [[4 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL 4 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]] "4 stars on its breast" (Kurtik g03).
# [[KIŠIB|MUL KIŠIB]] GAM<sub>3</sub>  
* XXIII. [[GIŠ.KUN|MUL 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]] "2 stars on its tail" (Kurtik g23).
# [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA]]
* XXIV. [[DILI|MUL DILI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]] "A separate star on its tail" (Kurtik d08).
# [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA]] EGIR-''i''  
* XXV. [[A.EDIN|<sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN]] "A branch" (Kurtik a02).
# [[AL.LUL|<sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL]]
* XXVI. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|<sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN.ANŠE]] "A harness" (Kurtik sh20).
# [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]  
 
# [[4 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL 4 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]]  
# [[GIŠ.KUN|MUL 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]]  
# [[DILI|MUL DILI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]]  
# [[A.EDIN|<sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN]]  
# [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|<sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
# "Yoke"
# The rear portion of the harness" 
# "Circle"
# "Stars from the Pair"
# "Stars from the Triple"
# "Single Star"
# "Lady of Life"
# "Shoulder of the UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A daemon"
# "The bright star on its breast
# "Knee, shin?"
# "Heel (of the Panther)" 
# "4 stars of the Stag"
# "dusky stars"
# "Bright star in the Old Man"
# XV. [[Naṣrapu|<sup>mul</sup>''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']]  
# Crook
# "Hand on the Crook"
# "(Frontal) Twin"
# "Rear Twin"
# "Crab"
# "2 stars on the head of the Lion"
# "4 stars on its breast"
# "2 stars on its tail"
# "A separate star on its tail"
# "A branch"
# "A harness"
|
# (Kurtik sh18).
# (Kurtik sh21).
# (Kurtik g05).
# (Kurtik m14).
# (Kurtik t01).
# (Kurtik d07).
# (Kurtik g09).
# (Kurtik k25).
# (Kurtik n20)
# (Kurtik k18).
# (Kurtik a47).
# (Kurtik L09).
# (Kurtik u14).
# (Kurtik n21).
# (Kurtik n08).
# (Kurtik g06).
# (Kurtik k21).
# (Kurtik m16).
# (Kurtik m16).
# (Kurtik a18).
# (Kurtik s06).
# (Kurtik g03).
# (Kurtik g23).
# (Kurtik d08).
# (Kurtik a02).
# (Kurtik sh20).
|}
Circle of ziqpu stars.  
Circle of ziqpu stars.  


* [PA]P<sup>?</sup> 12 DANNA ''kip-pat zi''-[''iq-pi''] / ''bi-rit'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>[''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] "In [Tot]al? 12 'miles' of the circle (of stars that) cul[minate], from among the stars in [Enlil's] path." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92, BM 38694+:20-21].
* [PA]P<sup>?</sup> 12 DANNA ''kip-pat zi''-[''iq-pi''] / ''bi-rit'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>[''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] "In [Tot]al? 12 'miles' of the circle (of stars that) cul[minate], from among the stars in [Enlil's] path." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92, BM 38694+:20-21].
|
|
# γ, β, δ Bootes
# ζ, ο, ξ Bootes
# [[Corona Borealis]]
# π, ρ Her
# ο, μ, ξ Her
# α Lyr ([[Vega]])
# in the area of θ,η Lyr (the ident. with η Lyr is also proposed by Koch 1992; Pingree prefers α Lyr ... but the latter doesn't fit here, as the solitary star is α Lyr which also fits the number of UŠ from the previous star ... and the numbers of UŠ between 6. and 8. does not fit with the sky anyway (30 UŠ given, divided 2:1 with this asterism in between, so that η Lyr fits best)
# δ Cyg (...)
# β Cyg ([[Deneb]])
# α Lac ([[Stellio]])
# λ And ([[Udkadua]])
# ... Cas (π, ο, ξ, ν)
# h+χ Per
# α Per ([[Mirfak]])
# μ, λ, b, c, d Per
# α, β, ε, η, ζ Aur ([[Capella]]+)
# θ, υ Aur ([[Mahasim]]+)
# α Gem ([[Castor]])
# β Gem ([[Pollux]])
# [[Cancer]], M44
# ε, μ Leonis (Zosma, Chertan)
# α Leo+ ([[Regulus]])
# δ, θ Leo
# β Leo ([[Denebola]])
# γ Com (...), Coma Berenices star cluster
# η, τ, υ Boo ([[Muphrid]]+)
|-
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) Predictions made via the culmination of stars and lunar eclipses [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102].  
* (1) Predictions made via the culmination of stars and lunar eclipses [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102].  
* (2) Predictions of ''izbu'': <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA <sup>múl</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''ana e-la-nu''... "(When the constellations) Hired Man, the Celestial Bull, and the True Shepherd of Anu culminate (lit. aloft)... [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53:2]; ''elānu'' – apparently used here as a non-standard term for culminations (?).
* (2) Predictions of ''izbu'':  
** <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA <sup>múl</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''ana e-la-nu''...  
** "(When the constellations) Hired Man, the Celestial Bull, and the Faithful Shepherd of Anu culminate (lit. aloft)... [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53:2];  
** ''elānu'' – apparently used here as a non-standard term for culminations (?).


In a similar sense, text W.22281a uses ''šitqulu'', lit. "to balance each other", "to be equal to each other" (?) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 99; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1252a].
In a similar sense, text W.22281a uses ''šitqulu'', lit. "to balance each other", "to be equal to each other" (?) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 99; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1252a].
Line 124: Line 239:
I. Источники.
I. Источники.


EAE. См. [BPO 3, 290]. MUL.APIN. Список ziqpu-звезд: MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ziq-pi ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUB<sup>meš</sup>-''ma'' GI<sub>6</sub> KUR ''u'' ŠU<sub>2</sub>-''bi'' / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>-''bi-šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu im-ma-ru'' / <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA MUL.BAL.TEŠ<sub>2</sub>.A <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU / <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A <sup>mul</sup>''lu-lim'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI <sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub> / <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL  <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>''Ḫe''<sub>2</sub>-''gal''<sub>2</sub>-''la-a-a'' /  PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ziq-pi ša''<sub>2</sub> KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB<sup>me</sup>-''zu-ma'' GI<sub>6</sub> SAR<sup>meš</sup> ''u'' ŠU<sub>2</sub><sup>meš</sup> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>-''bi-šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu tam-ma-ru'' «Ziqpu-звезды, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине неба напротив груди наблюдателя неба, и при помощи которых ночью восход и заход звезд в их серединах он наблюдает. (Это) Шупа, Звезда Достоинство, Стоящие Боги, Пес, Коза, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Олень, Старик, Посох, Большие Близнецы, Краб, Лев, Эруа, Звезда Изобилия. Все они — ziqpu-звезды на пути Энлиля, которые стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и при помощи которых ночью восходы и заходы звезд в их серединах ты наблюдаешь» (I iv 1–9) [MA, 57–60]. «Письма». См. [LABS, 134:8, 149 r. 4]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. AO 6478: ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''i-na'' murub<sub>4</sub> [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''<sub>2</sub> uru<sub>3</sub>-''ir'' an-''e'' gub<sup>meš</sup>-''zu-ma'' gi<sub>6</sub> sar-''ḫi u''<sub>3</sub> [šu<sub>2</sub>] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''<sub>3</sub>-''bi-šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru''] «(Расстояния) между (группами) кульминирующих звезд, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине [неба] напротив груди того, кто наблюдает небо, и при помощи которых восход и [заход] звезд в их серединах ночью [он наблюдает]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:2–4; TU, 21:2–4; HBA, 132; MCG, 183].
EAE. См. [BPO 3, 290]. MUL.APIN. Список ziqpu-звезд: MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ziq-pi ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUB<sup>meš</sup>-''ma'' GI<sub>6</sub> KUR ''u'' ŠU<sub>2</sub>-''bi'' / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>-''bi-šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu im-ma-ru'' / <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA MUL.BAL.TEŠ<sub>2</sub>.A <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU / <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A <sup>mul</sup>''lu-lim'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI <sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub> / <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL  <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>''Ḫe''<sub>2</sub>-''gal''<sub>2</sub>-''la-a-a'' /  PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ziq-pi ša''<sub>2</sub> KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB<sup>me</sup>-''zu-ma'' GI<sub>6</sub> SAR<sup>meš</sup> ''u'' ŠU<sub>2</sub><sup>meš</sup> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>-''bi-šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu tam-ma-ru'' «Ziqpu-звезды, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине неба напротив груди наблюдателя неба, и при помощи которых ночью восход и заход звезд в их серединах он наблюдает. (Это) Шупа, Звезда Достоинство, Стоящие Боги, Пес, Коза, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Олень, Старик, Посох, Большие Близнецы, Краб, Лев, Эруа, Звезда Изобилия. Все они — ziqpu-звезды на пути Энлиля, которые стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и при помощи которых ночью восходы и заходы звезд в их серединах ты наблюдаешь» (I iv 1–9) [Hunger & Steele 2019, 57–60]. «Письма». См. [LABS, 134:8, 149 r. 4]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. AO 6478: ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''i-na'' murub<sub>4</sub> [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''<sub>2</sub> uru<sub>3</sub>-''ir'' an-''e'' gub<sup>meš</sup>-''zu-ma'' gi<sub>6</sub> sar-''ḫi u''<sub>3</sub> [šu<sub>2</sub>] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''<sub>3</sub>-''bi-šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru''] «(Расстояния) между (группами) кульминирующих звезд, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине [неба] напротив груди того, кто наблюдает небо, и при помощи которых восход и [заход] звезд в их серединах ночью [он наблюдает]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:2–4; TU, 21:2–4; HBA, 132; MCG, 183].


Номера и названия ziqpu-звезд, согласно [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88–89; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]:
Номера и названия ziqpu-звезд, согласно [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88–89; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]:

Latest revision as of 15:40, 22 May 2026

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Susanne M Hoffmann, Wayne Horowitz, Jan Safford

(MUL.MEŠ) Ziqpu (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession (define???) over the nights of the year. The noun ziqpu is from the root zaqāpu, which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake)'. Lists of these stars,[1] with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360° ideal year are given in the ziqpu-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1°RA, and hence indicative of a 360° full circle/circuit of ziqpu-stars (kippat ziqpī) [Horowitz 1994, 20?? Horowitz 1988[2], also with reference to a 364° circuit echoing the 364 day year in use in the Dead Sea Scrolls and elsewhere].

Concordance, Etymology, History[3]

Var. designations:

  • 1) ziqpu, a standard term for the culminations of stars and planets, used since the Sargonic times;
  • 2) MUL.MEŠ ziqpu, specially selected groups of stars that formed a closed belt in the sky, whose successive culminations made it possible to record at night the moments and time intervals between observations with a high degree of accuracy [Rochberg-Halton 1988[4], 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999[1], 84-90; CAD[5] Z, 127ff].
Sources Identifications
EAE.

See. [BPO 3[6], 290].

MUL.APIN.

List of ziqpu-stars:

orig. transl.
MULmeš ša2 ziq-pi ša2 ina KASKAL šu-ut dEn-lil2 ina MURUB4 AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA ša2 ŠEŠ AN-e GUBmeš-ma GI6 KUR u ŠU2-bi / ša2 MULmeš ina lib3-bi-šu2-nu im-ma-ru / "Ziqpu-stars, which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer of the sky – the observer watches the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky. (In the sky is)
  1. mulŠU.PA
  2. MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A
  3. mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš
  4. mulUR.KU /
  5. mulUZ3
  6. mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A
  7. mullu-lim
  8. mulŠU.GI
  9. mulGAM3 /
  10. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL
  11. mulAL.LUL 
  12. mulUR.GU.LA
  13. mulE4-ru6
  14. u mulḪe2-gal2-la-a-a / 
  1. the Shupa,
  2. the Constellation of Dignity,
  3. the Standing Gods,
  4. the Dog,
  5. the Goat,
  6. the Demon with the Gaping Mouth,
  7. the Stag,
  8. the Old Man,
  9. the Crook,
  10. the Great Twins,
  11. the Crab,
  12. the Lion,
  13. Erua,
  14. and the Asterism of Abundance.
PAP an-nu-tu MULmeš ša2 ziq-pi ša2 KASKAL šu-ut dEn-lil2 ša2 ina MURUB4 AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA-ka GUBme-zu-ma GI6 SARmeš u ŠU2meš / ša2 MULmeš ina lib3-bi-šu2-nu tam-ma-ru They all are ziqpu-stars that stand in the path of Enlil and in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer, who, in the dark night, observes the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky "

(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019[7], 57-60].

MUL.APIN.

List of ziqpu-stars:

  1. in Bootes (perhaps the complete constellation, perhaps only Arcturus (Ἀρκτοῦρος)),
  2. Corona Borealis,
  3. the Standing Gods (uncertain because of change over time: see DINGIR.GUB.BA),
  4. a part of Hercules,
  5. Lyra,
  6. covers areas of Cepheus+Cygnus and touches Andromeda,
  7. the Stag (in the region of Cassiopeia/ Andromeda),
  8. Perseus,
  9. Auriga,
  10. Gemini,
  11. Cancer,
  12. Leo,
  13. Coma Berenices (πλόκαμος),
  14. and the Asterism of Abundance.

(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019[7], 57-60].

"Letters."

See. [LABS[8], 134:8, 149 r. 4].

Lists of ziqpu stars.

AO 6478:

  • bi-rit mul.meš ziq-pi ša i-na kaskal šu-ut dEn-lil2 i-na murub4 [an-e] / igi-it gaba ša2 uru3-ir an-e gubmeš-zu-ma gi6 sar-ḫi u3 [šu2] / ša mul.meš i-na lib3-bi-šu2-nu [im-ma-ru]
  • "(The distance) between the (groups of) culminating stars which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle [of the sky] opposite the chest of the one who observes the sky, who, in the dark night, [observes] the rising and [setting] of the stars in the midst of the sky " [Thureau-Dangin 1913[9], 216:2-4; TU[10], 21:2-4; HBA[11], 132; MCG[2], 183].

Numbers and names of ziqpu stars, according to [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88-89; Schaumberger 1952[12], 228-229]:

orig. transl.
  1. mulŠUDUN
  2.  mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti
  3. mulGAM-ti
  4. MUL ša2 maš-a-ti
  5. MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti
  6. MUL DILI
  7. mulGAŠAN.TIN
  8. ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A
  9. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2
  10. mulkin-ṣi
  11. mula-si-di
  12. 4 ša2 mulLU.LIM
  13. mulum-mu-lu-ti
  14. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI
  15. mulna-aṣ-ra-pu
  16. mulGAM3
  17. MUL KIŠIB GAM3
  18. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA
  19. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-i
  20. mulAL.LUL
  21. SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA
  22. MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2
  23. MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2
  24. MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2
  25. mulA.EDIN
  26. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE
  1. "Yoke"
  2. The rear portion of the harness"
  3. "Circle"
  4. "Stars from the Pair"
  5. "Stars from the Triple"
  6. "Single Star"
  7. "Lady of Life"
  8. "Shoulder of the UD.KA.DU8.A daemon"
  9. "The bright star on its breast
  10. "Knee, shin?"
  11. "Heel (of the Panther)"
  12. "4 stars of the Stag"
  13. "dusky stars"
  14. "Bright star in the Old Man"
  15. XV. mulna-aṣ-ra-pu
  16. Crook
  17. "Hand on the Crook"
  18. "(Frontal) Twin"
  19. "Rear Twin"
  20. "Crab"
  21. "2 stars on the head of the Lion"
  22. "4 stars on its breast"
  23. "2 stars on its tail"
  24. "A separate star on its tail"
  25. "A branch"
  26. "A harness"
  1. (Kurtik sh18).
  2. (Kurtik sh21).
  3. (Kurtik g05).
  4. (Kurtik m14).
  5. (Kurtik t01).
  6. (Kurtik d07).
  7. (Kurtik g09).
  8. (Kurtik k25).
  9. (Kurtik n20)
  10. (Kurtik k18).
  11. (Kurtik a47).
  12. (Kurtik L09).
  13. (Kurtik u14).
  14. (Kurtik n21).
  15. (Kurtik n08).
  16. (Kurtik g06).
  17. (Kurtik k21).
  18. (Kurtik m16).
  19. (Kurtik m16).
  20. (Kurtik a18).
  21. (Kurtik s06).
  22. (Kurtik g03).
  23. (Kurtik g23).
  24. (Kurtik d08).
  25. (Kurtik a02).
  26. (Kurtik sh20).

Circle of ziqpu stars.

  • [PA]P? 12 DANNA kip-pat zi-[iq-pi] / bi-rit MUL.MEŠ ša KASKAL šu-ut d[En-lil2] "In [Tot]al? 12 'miles' of the circle (of stars that) cul[minate], from among the stars in [Enlil's] path." [Horowitz 1994a[13], 91-92, BM 38694+:20-21].
  1. γ, β, δ Bootes
  2. ζ, ο, ξ Bootes
  3. Corona Borealis
  4. π, ρ Her
  5. ο, μ, ξ Her
  6. α Lyr (Vega)
  7. in the area of θ,η Lyr (the ident. with η Lyr is also proposed by Koch 1992; Pingree prefers α Lyr ... but the latter doesn't fit here, as the solitary star is α Lyr which also fits the number of UŠ from the previous star ... and the numbers of UŠ between 6. and 8. does not fit with the sky anyway (30 UŠ given, divided 2:1 with this asterism in between, so that η Lyr fits best)
  8. δ Cyg (...)
  9. β Cyg (Deneb)
  10. α Lac (Stellio)
  11. λ And (Udkadua)
  12. ... Cas (π, ο, ξ, ν)
  13. h+χ Per
  14. α Per (Mirfak)
  15. μ, λ, b, c, d Per
  16. α, β, ε, η, ζ Aur (Capella+)
  17. θ, υ Aur (Mahasim+)
  18. α Gem (Castor)
  19. β Gem (Pollux)
  20. Cancer, M44
  21. ε, μ Leonis (Zosma, Chertan)
  22. α Leo+ (Regulus)
  23. δ, θ Leo
  24. β Leo (Denebola)
  25. γ Com (...), Coma Berenices star cluster
  26. η, τ, υ Boo (Muphrid+)
Late astrology.
  • (1) Predictions made via the culmination of stars and lunar eclipses [SpTU III[14], 102].
  • (2) Predictions of izbu:
    • mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ana e-la-nu...
    • "(When the constellations) Hired Man, the Celestial Bull, and the Faithful Shepherd of Anu culminate (lit. aloft)... [Biggs 1968[15], 53:2];
    • elānu – apparently used here as a non-standard term for culminations (?).

In a similar sense, text W.22281a uses šitqulu, lit. "to balance each other", "to be equal to each other" (?) [SpTU I[16], 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999[1], 99; AHw[17], 1252a].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, z11) Gössmann (1950)
1) ziqpu — стандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций звезд и планет, употреблявшийся со времени Саргонидов; 2) MUL.MEŠ ziqpu — специально выбранные группы звезд, образовывавшие на небе замкнутый пояс, последовательные кульминации которых позволяли фиксировать ночью моменты и временные интервалы между наблюдениями с высокой степенью точности [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 84–90; CAD Z, 127ff].

I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, 290]. MUL.APIN. Список ziqpu-звезд: MULmeš ša2 ziq-pi ša2 ina KASKAL šu-ut dEn-lil2 ina MURUB4 AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA ša2 ŠEŠ AN-e GUBmeš-ma GI6 KUR u ŠU2-bi / ša2 MULmeš ina lib3-bi-šu2-nu im-ma-ru / mulŠU.PA MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš mulUR.KU / mulUZ3 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mullu-lim mulŠU.GI mulGAM3 / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL  mulUR.GU.LA mulE4-ru6 u mulḪe2-gal2-la-a-a /  PAP an-nu-tu MULmeš ša2 ziq-pi ša2 KASKAL šu-ut dEn-lil2 ša2 ina MURUB4 AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA-ka GUBme-zu-ma GI6 SARmeš u ŠU2meš / ša2 MULmeš ina lib3-bi-šu2-nu tam-ma-ru «Ziqpu-звезды, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине неба напротив груди наблюдателя неба, и при помощи которых ночью восход и заход звезд в их серединах он наблюдает. (Это) Шупа, Звезда Достоинство, Стоящие Боги, Пес, Коза, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Олень, Старик, Посох, Большие Близнецы, Краб, Лев, Эруа, Звезда Изобилия. Все они — ziqpu-звезды на пути Энлиля, которые стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и при помощи которых ночью восходы и заходы звезд в их серединах ты наблюдаешь» (I iv 1–9) [Hunger & Steele 2019, 57–60]. «Письма». См. [LABS, 134:8, 149 r. 4]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. AO 6478: bi-rit mul.meš ziq-pi ša i-na kaskal šu-ut dEn-lil2 i-na murub4 [an-e] / igi-it gaba ša2 uru3-ir an-e gubmeš-zu-ma gi6 sar-ḫi u3 [šu2] / ša mul.meš i-na lib3-bi-šu2-nu [im-ma-ru] «(Расстояния) между (группами) кульминирующих звезд, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине [неба] напротив груди того, кто наблюдает небо, и при помощи которых восход и [заход] звезд в их серединах ночью [он наблюдает]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:2–4; TU, 21:2–4; HBA, 132; MCG, 183].

Номера и названия ziqpu-звезд, согласно [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88–89; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]:

I.      mulŠUDUN «Ярмо» (sh18).                                                  

II.    mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti «Задняя часть упряжи» (sh21).

III.   mulGAM-ti «Посох» (g05).

IV.   MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «Звезды из Пары» (m14).

V.    MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti «Звезды из Тройни» (t01).

VI.   MUL DILI «Отдельная звезда» (d07).

VII. mulGAŠAN TIN «Владычица жизни» (g09).

VIII. ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A «Плечо Пантеры» (k25).

IX.   MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Яркая звезда на ее груди (n20)

X.    mulkin-ṣi «Колено, голень?»(k18).

XI.   mula-si-di «Пятка (Пантеры)» (a47).

XII. 4 ša2 mulLU.LIM «4 звезды Оленя» (L09).

XIII. mulum-mu-lu-ti «Тусклые звезды» (u14).

XIV. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Яркая звезда в Старике» (n21).

XV. mulna-aṣ-ra-pu (n08).

XVI. mulGAM3 «Посох» (g06).

XVII.   MUL KIŠIB GAM3 «Рука на Посохе» (k21).

XVIII. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «(Передний) Близнец» (m16).

XIX. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-i «Задний Близнец» (m16).

XX. mulAL.LUL «Краб» (a18).

XXI. 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «2 звезды на голове Льва» (s06).

XXII.   MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «4 звезды на его груди» (g03).

XXIII. MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 «2 звезды на его хвосте» (g23).

XXIV. MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте» (d 08).

XXV.  mulA.EDIN «Ветвь» (a02).

XXVI. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE «Упряжь»(sh20).

Круг ziqpu-звезд. [PA]P? 12 DANNA kip-pat zi-[iq-pi] / bi-rit MUL.MEŠ ša KASKAL šu-ut d[En-lil2] «[Все]го? 12 “миль” круга (звезд, которые) куль[минируют], из числа звезд на пути [Энлиля]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92, BM 38694+:20–21]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд и лунным затмениям [SpTU III, 102]. (2) Предсказания izbu: mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ana e-la-nu… «(Когда созвездия) Наемник, Небесный Бык, Праведный Пастух Ану кульминируют (букв. наверху)… [Biggs 1968, 53:2]; elānu — здесь, по-видимому, нестандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций (?).

В аналогичном смысле в тексте W.22281a при обозначении кульминаций употребляется šitqulu, букв. «взаимно уравновешиваться», «быть равными друг другу» (?) [SpTU I, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99; AHw, 1252a].

Example

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Horowitz W. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).
  3. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  4. ↑ Rochberg-Halton F. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).
  5. ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  6. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  8. ↑ Parpola S. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).
  9. ↑ Thureau-Dangin F. Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.
  10. ↑ Thureau-Dangin F. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).
  11. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  12. ↑ Schaumberger J.  Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.
  13. ↑ Horowitz W. Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.
  14. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
  15. ↑ Biggs R.D. An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.
  16. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.
  17. ↑ Soden von W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
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