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* <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA  
# <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA
* MUL.BAL.TEŠ<sub>2</sub>.A
# MUL.BAL.TEŠ<sub>2</sub>.A
* <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup>  
# <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup>  
* <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU /  
# <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU /
* <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub>  
# <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub>  
* <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A  
# <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DUḪ.A
* <sup>mul</sup>''lu-lim''  
# <sup>mul</sup>''lu-lim''  
* <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI  
# <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI
* <sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub> /  
# <sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub> /
* <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL  
# <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL
* <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL 
# <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL 
* <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA  
# <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA
* <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>  
# <sup>mul</sup>''E''<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub>  
* ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>''Ḫe''<sub>2</sub>-''gal''<sub>2</sub>-''la-a-a'' / 
# ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>''Ḫe''<sub>2</sub>-''gal''<sub>2</sub>-''la-a-a'' / 
|
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# the Shupa,
# the Shupa,
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* "(The distance) between the (groups of) culminating stars which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle [of the sky] opposite the chest of the one who observes the sky, who, in the dark night, [observes] the rising and [setting] of the stars in the midst of the sky " [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:2-4; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:2-4; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; MCG<ref name=":1">''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 183].
* "(The distance) between the (groups of) culminating stars which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle [of the sky] opposite the chest of the one who observes the sky, who, in the dark night, [observes] the rising and [setting] of the stars in the midst of the sky " [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:2-4; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:2-4; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; MCG<ref name=":1">''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 183].


Numbers and names of ziqpu stars, according to [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88-89; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J.  ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]:
Numbers and names of ziqpu stars, according to [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88-89; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J.  ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]:  
     
{| class="wikitable"
 
|+
* I.   <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN "Yoke" (Kurtik sh18).                                                
!
* II.  [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|<sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']] "The rear portion of the harness" (Kurtik sh21).
!
* III. [[GAM-ti|<sup>mul</sup>GAM-''ti'']] "Staff" (Kurtik g05).
!
* IV. [[Maš-a-ti|MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''maš-a-ti'']] "Stars from the Pair" (Kurtik m14).
!
* V.  MUL ša<sub>2</sub> tak-ša-a-ti "Stars from the Triple" (Kurtik t01).
|-
* VI. [[DILI|MUL DILI]] "Separate Star" (Kurtik d07).
|
* VII. [[GAŠAN.TIN|<sup>mul</sup>GAŠAN.TIN]] "Lord of Life" (Kurtik g09).
# <sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN
* VIII. ''[[Kumāru|ku-ma-ri]] ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A "Shoulder of the UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A daemon" (Kurtik k25).
#  [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|<sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]  
* IX.  [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]] "The bright star on its breast (Kurtik n20)
# [[GAM-ti|<sup>mul</sup>GAM-''ti'']]  
* X.  [[Kinṣu|<sup>mul</sup>kin-ṣi]] "Knee, shin?"(Kurtik k18).
# [[Maš-a-ti|MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''maš-a-ti'']]  
* XI.   [[Asidu|<sup>mul</sup>''a-si-di'']] "Heel (of the Panther)" (Kurtik a47).
# MUL ša<sub>2</sub> tak-ša-a-ti  
* XII.  4 ša<sub>2</sub> [[LU.LIM|<sup>mul</sup>LU.LIM]] "4 stars of the Stag" (Kurtik L09).
# [[DILI|MUL DILI]]
* XIII. [[Ummulūtu|<sup>mul</sup>''um-mu-lu-ti'']] "dim stars" (Kurtik u14).
# [[GAŠAN.TIN|<sup>mul</sup>GAŠAN.TIN]]  
* XIV. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|MUL ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI]] "Bright star in the Old Man" (Kurtik n21).
# ''[[Kumāru|ku-ma-ri]] ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A  
* XV. [[Naṣrapu|<sup>mul</sup>''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']] (Kurtik n08).
# [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]]  
* XVI. [[GAM3|<sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub>]] "Staff" (Kurtik g06).
# [[Kinṣu|<sup>mul</sup>kin-ṣi]]
* XVII. [[KIŠIB|MUL KIŠIB]] GAM<sub>3</sub> "Hand on the Staff" (Kurtik k21).
# [[Asidu|<sup>mul</sup>''a-si-di'']]  
* XVIII. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA]] "(Frontal) Twin" (Kurtik m16).
# 4 ša<sub>2</sub> [[LU.LIM|<sup>mul</sup>LU.LIM]]  
* XIX. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA]] EGIR-''i'' "Rear Twin" (Kurtik m16).
# [[Ummulūtu|<sup>mul</sup>''um-mu-lu-ti'']]  
* XX. [[AL.LUL|<sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL]] "Crab" (Kurtik a18).
# [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|MUL ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI]]  
* XXI. [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]] "2 stars on the head of the Lion" (Kurtik s06).
# [[Naṣrapu|<sup>mul</sup>''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']]
* XXII. [[4 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL 4 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]] "4 stars on its breast" (Kurtik g03).
# [[GAM3|<sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub>]]  
* XXIII. [[GIŠ.KUN|MUL 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]] "2 stars on its tail" (Kurtik g23).
# [[KIŠIB|MUL KIŠIB]] GAM<sub>3</sub>  
* XXIV. [[DILI|MUL DILI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]] "A separate star on its tail" (Kurtik d08).
# [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA]]
* XXV. [[A.EDIN|<sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN]] "A branch" (Kurtik a02).
# [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA]] EGIR-''i''  
* XXVI. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|<sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN.ANŠE]] "A harness" (Kurtik sh20).
# [[AL.LUL|<sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL]]
 
# [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]  
# [[4 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL 4 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]]  
# [[GIŠ.KUN|MUL 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]]  
# [[DILI|MUL DILI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub>]]  
# [[A.EDIN|<sup>mul</sup>A.EDIN]]  
# [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|<sup>mul</sup>ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
# "Yoke"
# The rear portion of the harness" 
# "Staff"
# "Stars from the Pair"
# "Stars from the Triple"
# "Separate Star"
# "Lord of Life"
# "Shoulder of the UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A daemon"
# "The bright star on its breast
# "Knee, shin?"
# "Heel (of the Panther)" 
# "4 stars of the Stag"
# "dim stars"
# "Bright star in the Old Man"
# XV. [[Naṣrapu|<sup>mul</sup>''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']]  
# "Staff"
# "Hand on the Staff"
# "(Frontal) Twin"
# "Rear Twin"
# "Crab"
# "2 stars on the head of the Lion"
# "4 stars on its breast"
# "2 stars on its tail"
# "A separate star on its tail"
# "A branch"
# "A harness"
|
# (Kurtik sh18).
# (Kurtik sh21).
# (Kurtik g05).
# (Kurtik m14).
# (Kurtik t01).
# (Kurtik d07).
# (Kurtik g09).
# (Kurtik k25).
# (Kurtik n20)
# (Kurtik k18).
# (Kurtik a47).
# (Kurtik L09).
# (Kurtik u14).
# (Kurtik n21).
# (Kurtik n08).
# (Kurtik g06).
# (Kurtik k21).
# (Kurtik m16).
# (Kurtik m16).
# (Kurtik a18).
# (Kurtik s06).
# (Kurtik g03).
# (Kurtik g23).
# (Kurtik d08).
# (Kurtik a02).
# (Kurtik sh20).
|
|}
Circle of ziqpu stars.  
Circle of ziqpu stars.  


Revision as of 13:00, 22 May 2026

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Susanne M Hoffmann, Wayne Horowitz, Jan Safford

(MUL.MEŠ) Ziqpu (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession (define???) over the nights of the year. The noun ziqpu is from the root zaqāpu, which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake)'. Lists of these stars,[1] with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360° ideal year are given in the ziqpu-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1°RA, and hence indicative of a 360° full circle/circuit of ziqpu-stars (kippat ziqpī) [Horowitz 1994, 20?? Horowitz 1988[2], also with reference to a 364° circuit echoing the 364 day year in use in the Dead Sea Scrolls and elsewhere].

Concordance, Etymology, History[3]

Var. designations:

  • 1) ziqpu, a standard term for the culminations of stars and planets, used since the Sargonic times;
  • 2) MUL.MEŠ ziqpu, specially selected groups of stars that formed a closed belt in the sky, whose successive culminations made it possible to record at night the moments and time intervals between observations with a high degree of accuracy [Rochberg-Halton 1988[4], 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999[1], 84-90; CAD[5] Z, 127ff].
Sources Identifications
EAE.

See. [BPO 3[6], 290].

Example
MUL.APIN.

List of ziqpu-stars:

MULmeš ša2 ziq-pi ša2 ina KASKAL šu-ut dEn-lil2 ina MURUB4 AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA ša2 ŠEŠ AN-e GUBmeš-ma GI6 KUR u ŠU2-bi / ša2 MULmeš ina lib3-bi-šu2-nu im-ma-ru / "Ziqpu-stars, which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer of the sky – the observer watches the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky. (In the sky is)
  1. mulŠU.PA
  2. MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A
  3. mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš
  4. mulUR.KU /
  5. mulUZ3
  6. mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A
  7. mullu-lim
  8. mulŠU.GI
  9. mulGAM3 /
  10. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL
  11. mulAL.LUL 
  12. mulUR.GU.LA
  13. mulE4-ru6
  14. u mulḪe2-gal2-la-a-a / 
  1. the Shupa,
  2. the Constellation of Dignity,
  3. the Standing Gods,
  4. the Dog,
  5. the Goat,
  6. the Demon with the Gaping Mouth,
  7. the Stag,
  8. the Old Man,
  9. the Staff,
  10. the Great Twins,
  11. the Crab,
  12. the Lion,
  13. Erua,
  14. and the Asterism of Abundance.
PAP an-nu-tu MULmeš ša2 ziq-pi ša2 KASKAL šu-ut dEn-lil2 ša2 ina MURUB4 AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA-ka GUBme-zu-ma GI6 SARmeš u ŠU2meš / ša2 MULmeš ina lib3-bi-šu2-nu tam-ma-ru They all are ziqpu-stars that stand in the path of Enlil and in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer, who, in the dark night, observes the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky "

(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019[7], 57-60].

MUL.APIN.

List of ziqpu-stars:

  1. in Bootes (perhaps the complete constellation, perhaps only Arcturus (Ἀρκτοῦρος)),
  2. Corona Borealis,
  3. the Standing Gods (uncertain because of change over time: see DINGIR.GUB.BA),
  4. a part of Hercules,
  5. Lyra,
  6. covers areas of Cepheus+Cygnus and touches Andromeda,
  7. the Stag (in the region of Cassiopeia/ Andromeda),
  8. Perseus,
  9. Auriga,
  10. Gemini,
  11. Cancer,
  12. Leo,
  13. Coma Berenices (πλόκαμος),
  14. and the Asterism of Abundance.

(I iv 1-9) [Hunger & Steele 2019[7], 57-60].

"Letters."

See. [LABS[8], 134:8, 149 r. 4].

Lists of ziqpu stars.

AO 6478:

  • bi-rit mul.meš ziq-pi ša i-na kaskal šu-ut dEn-lil2 i-na murub4 [an-e] / igi-it gaba ša2 uru3-ir an-e gubmeš-zu-ma gi6 sar-ḫi u3 [šu2] / ša mul.meš i-na lib3-bi-šu2-nu [im-ma-ru]
  • "(The distance) between the (groups of) culminating stars which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle [of the sky] opposite the chest of the one who observes the sky, who, in the dark night, [observes] the rising and [setting] of the stars in the midst of the sky " [Thureau-Dangin 1913[9], 216:2-4; TU[10], 21:2-4; HBA[11], 132; MCG[2], 183].

Numbers and names of ziqpu stars, according to [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88-89; Schaumberger 1952[12], 228-229]:

  1. mulŠUDUN
  2.  mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti
  3. mulGAM-ti
  4. MUL ša2 maš-a-ti
  5. MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti
  6. MUL DILI
  7. mulGAŠAN.TIN
  8. ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A
  9. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2
  10. mulkin-ṣi
  11. mula-si-di
  12. 4 ša2 mulLU.LIM
  13. mulum-mu-lu-ti
  14. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI
  15. mulna-aṣ-ra-pu
  16. mulGAM3
  17. MUL KIŠIB GAM3
  18. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA
  19. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-i
  20. mulAL.LUL
  21. SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA
  22. MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2
  23. MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2
  24. MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2
  25. mulA.EDIN
  26. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE
  1. "Yoke"
  2. The rear portion of the harness"
  3. "Staff"
  4. "Stars from the Pair"
  5. "Stars from the Triple"
  6. "Separate Star"
  7. "Lord of Life"
  8. "Shoulder of the UD.KA.DU8.A daemon"
  9. "The bright star on its breast
  10. "Knee, shin?"
  11. "Heel (of the Panther)"
  12. "4 stars of the Stag"
  13. "dim stars"
  14. "Bright star in the Old Man"
  15. XV. mulna-aṣ-ra-pu
  16. "Staff"
  17. "Hand on the Staff"
  18. "(Frontal) Twin"
  19. "Rear Twin"
  20. "Crab"
  21. "2 stars on the head of the Lion"
  22. "4 stars on its breast"
  23. "2 stars on its tail"
  24. "A separate star on its tail"
  25. "A branch"
  26. "A harness"
  1. (Kurtik sh18).
  2. (Kurtik sh21).
  3. (Kurtik g05).
  4. (Kurtik m14).
  5. (Kurtik t01).
  6. (Kurtik d07).
  7. (Kurtik g09).
  8. (Kurtik k25).
  9. (Kurtik n20)
  10. (Kurtik k18).
  11. (Kurtik a47).
  12. (Kurtik L09).
  13. (Kurtik u14).
  14. (Kurtik n21).
  15. (Kurtik n08).
  16. (Kurtik g06).
  17. (Kurtik k21).
  18. (Kurtik m16).
  19. (Kurtik m16).
  20. (Kurtik a18).
  21. (Kurtik s06).
  22. (Kurtik g03).
  23. (Kurtik g23).
  24. (Kurtik d08).
  25. (Kurtik a02).
  26. (Kurtik sh20).

Circle of ziqpu stars.

  • [PA]P? 12 DANNA kip-pat zi-[iq-pi] / bi-rit MUL.MEŠ ša KASKAL šu-ut d[En-lil2] "In [Tot]al? 12 'miles' of the circle (of stars that) cul[minate], from among the stars in [Enlil's] path." [Horowitz 1994a[13], 91-92, BM 38694+:20-21].
Late astrology.
  • (1) Predictions made via the culmination of stars and lunar eclipses [SpTU III[14], 102].
  • (2) Predictions of izbu: mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ana e-la-nu... "(When the constellations) Hired Man, the Celestial Bull, and the Faithful Shepherd of Anu culminate (lit. aloft)... [Biggs 1968[15], 53:2]; elānu – apparently used here as a non-standard term for culminations (?).

In a similar sense, text W.22281a uses šitqulu, lit. "to balance each other", "to be equal to each other" (?) [SpTU I[16], 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999[1], 99; AHw[17], 1252a].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, z11) Gössmann (1950)
1) ziqpu — стандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций звезд и планет, употреблявшийся со времени Саргонидов; 2) MUL.MEŠ ziqpu — специально выбранные группы звезд, образовывавшие на небе замкнутый пояс, последовательные кульминации которых позволяли фиксировать ночью моменты и временные интервалы между наблюдениями с высокой степенью точности [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 84–90; CAD Z, 127ff].

I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, 290]. MUL.APIN. Список ziqpu-звезд: MULmeš ša2 ziq-pi ša2 ina KASKAL šu-ut dEn-lil2 ina MURUB4 AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA ša2 ŠEŠ AN-e GUBmeš-ma GI6 KUR u ŠU2-bi / ša2 MULmeš ina lib3-bi-šu2-nu im-ma-ru / mulŠU.PA MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš mulUR.KU / mulUZ3 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mullu-lim mulŠU.GI mulGAM3 / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL  mulUR.GU.LA mulE4-ru6 u mulḪe2-gal2-la-a-a /  PAP an-nu-tu MULmeš ša2 ziq-pi ša2 KASKAL šu-ut dEn-lil2 ša2 ina MURUB4 AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA-ka GUBme-zu-ma GI6 SARmeš u ŠU2meš / ša2 MULmeš ina lib3-bi-šu2-nu tam-ma-ru «Ziqpu-звезды, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине неба напротив груди наблюдателя неба, и при помощи которых ночью восход и заход звезд в их серединах он наблюдает. (Это) Шупа, Звезда Достоинство, Стоящие Боги, Пес, Коза, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Олень, Старик, Посох, Большие Близнецы, Краб, Лев, Эруа, Звезда Изобилия. Все они — ziqpu-звезды на пути Энлиля, которые стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и при помощи которых ночью восходы и заходы звезд в их серединах ты наблюдаешь» (I iv 1–9) [Hunger & Steele 2019, 57–60]. «Письма». См. [LABS, 134:8, 149 r. 4]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. AO 6478: bi-rit mul.meš ziq-pi ša i-na kaskal šu-ut dEn-lil2 i-na murub4 [an-e] / igi-it gaba ša2 uru3-ir an-e gubmeš-zu-ma gi6 sar-ḫi u3 [šu2] / ša mul.meš i-na lib3-bi-šu2-nu [im-ma-ru] «(Расстояния) между (группами) кульминирующих звезд, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине [неба] напротив груди того, кто наблюдает небо, и при помощи которых восход и [заход] звезд в их серединах ночью [он наблюдает]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:2–4; TU, 21:2–4; HBA, 132; MCG, 183].

Номера и названия ziqpu-звезд, согласно [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88–89; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]:

I.      mulŠUDUN «Ярмо» (sh18).                                                  

II.    mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti «Задняя часть упряжи» (sh21).

III.   mulGAM-ti «Посох» (g05).

IV.   MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «Звезды из Пары» (m14).

V.    MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti «Звезды из Тройни» (t01).

VI.   MUL DILI «Отдельная звезда» (d07).

VII. mulGAŠAN TIN «Владычица жизни» (g09).

VIII. ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A «Плечо Пантеры» (k25).

IX.   MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Яркая звезда на ее груди (n20)

X.    mulkin-ṣi «Колено, голень?»(k18).

XI.   mula-si-di «Пятка (Пантеры)» (a47).

XII. 4 ša2 mulLU.LIM «4 звезды Оленя» (L09).

XIII. mulum-mu-lu-ti «Тусклые звезды» (u14).

XIV. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Яркая звезда в Старике» (n21).

XV. mulna-aṣ-ra-pu (n08).

XVI. mulGAM3 «Посох» (g06).

XVII.   MUL KIŠIB GAM3 «Рука на Посохе» (k21).

XVIII. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «(Передний) Близнец» (m16).

XIX. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-i «Задний Близнец» (m16).

XX. mulAL.LUL «Краб» (a18).

XXI. 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «2 звезды на голове Льва» (s06).

XXII.   MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «4 звезды на его груди» (g03).

XXIII. MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 «2 звезды на его хвосте» (g23).

XXIV. MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте» (d 08).

XXV.  mulA.EDIN «Ветвь» (a02).

XXVI. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE «Упряжь»(sh20).

Круг ziqpu-звезд. [PA]P? 12 DANNA kip-pat zi-[iq-pi] / bi-rit MUL.MEŠ ša KASKAL šu-ut d[En-lil2] «[Все]го? 12 “миль” круга (звезд, которые) куль[минируют], из числа звезд на пути [Энлиля]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92, BM 38694+:20–21]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд и лунным затмениям [SpTU III, 102]. (2) Предсказания izbu: mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ana e-la-nu… «(Когда созвездия) Наемник, Небесный Бык, Праведный Пастух Ану кульминируют (букв. наверху)… [Biggs 1968, 53:2]; elānu — здесь, по-видимому, нестандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций (?).

В аналогичном смысле в тексте W.22281a при обозначении кульминаций употребляется šitqulu, букв. «взаимно уравновешиваться», «быть равными друг другу» (?) [SpTU I, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99; AHw, 1252a].

Example

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Horowitz W. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).
  3. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  4. ↑ Rochberg-Halton F. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).
  5. ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  6. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  8. ↑ Parpola S. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).
  9. ↑ Thureau-Dangin F. Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.
  10. ↑ Thureau-Dangin F. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).
  11. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  12. ↑ Schaumberger J.  Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.
  13. ↑ Horowitz W. Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.
  14. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.
  15. ↑ Biggs R.D. An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.
  16. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.
  17. ↑ Soden von W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.
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