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[[File:C. 1648 Central Europe (Northern).jpg|thumb|Central Europe (c. 1648). The culture of Christianization of the sky was an early modern attempt to unite German thinkers across the boundaries of a multitude of Christian confessions.]]
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:C. 1648 Central Europe (Northern).jpg|thumb|Central Europe (c. 1648). The culture of Christianization of the sky was an early modern attempt to unite European thinkers across the boundaries of a multitude of Christian confessions.]]
In this lexicon, we describe the names of a specific historical movement in Early modern history. During the Thirty Years' War in Central Europe (1618-1648) and in the decades before it that led to this war, even the work of scholars was affected by religious conflicts and the depreciation of specific Christian subgroups (traditional Catholics versus Lutherian Protestants versus Calvinists etc.). Astronomers and cartographers in that time had the same idea of one humanity "under one sky" as the IAU has been doing in the 20th and 21st centuries, but there were also attempts to project the figures that were common in all of the Christian churches into the sky and consciously reinterpret the sky with characters known to everybody in Europe.   
In this lexicon, we describe the names of a specific historical movement in Early modern history. During the Thirty Years' War in Central Europe (1618-1648) and in the decades before it that led to this war, even the work of scholars was affected by religious conflicts and the depreciation of specific Christian subgroups (traditional Catholics versus Lutherian Protestants versus Calvinists etc.). Astronomers and cartographers in that time had the same idea of one humanity "under one sky" as the IAU has been doing in the 20th and 21st centuries, but there were also attempts to project the figures that were common in all of the Christian churches into the sky and consciously reinterpret the sky with characters known to everybody in Europe.   


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===Solar System Names===
===Solar System Names===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Original term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;"|Original term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |Commentary
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |Commentary
|-
|-
|
|Jesus Christ
|Sun
|Sun
|
|
|-
|-
|
|Mary
|Moon
|Moon
|
|
|-
|-
|
|Elijah
|Mercury
|Mercury
|
|
|-
|-
|
|St. John the Baptist
|Venus
|Venus
|
|
|-
|-
|
|Joshua
|Mars
|Mars
|
|
|-
|-
|
|Moses
|Jupiter
|Jupiter
|
|
|-
|-
|
|Adam
|Saturn
|Saturn
|
|
|}
|}
===Here is an overview on all Christianized constellation names===
[[File:Coelum Stellatum Christianum.jpg|alt=The title page of Schiller's Coelum Stellatum Christianum (1627).|thumb|The title page of Schiller's Coelum Stellatum Christianum (1627).]]
Julius Schiller quotes the mnemonic verses of Jacob Bartsch to memorise the new identifications of the planets (translation by Doris Vickers):
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|''Vet. STELLÆ VII. SPHÆRARUM ERRATICÆ. Nov. Chorus Planetarum VII. Sacer.''
 
''Est Saturnus Adam, primus Pater atq[ue] Colonus.''
 
''Iuppiter est Moses, Legum dator ille Iehovæ.''
 
''Belliger Israël populi Dux Iosua Mavors.''
 
''Est Sol Iustitiæ Christus Mediator Iesus.''
 
''Præcursor Christi Ioannes Lucifer almus.''
 
''Mercurius dubius cælo venturus Elias.''
 
''Luna Dei Genetrix est Virgo beata Maria.''
|Old: The Seven Wandering Stars of the Spheres. New: The Holy Choir of the Seven Planets.
 
Saturn is Adam, the first father and tiller of the soil.
 
Jupiter is Moses, that giver of the laws of Jehovah.
 
Mars is Joshua, the warlike leader of the people of Israel.
 
The Sun is Christ Jesus the Mediator, the Sun of Justice.
 
Venus is John [the Baptist], the nourishing Morning Star and precursor of Christ.
 
Mercury is the uncertain Elias [Elijah], who is to come from heaven.
 
The Moon is the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Mother of God.
|}


===Other Names===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
!scope="col" style="width: 30%;"|native letters
!Original term
!scope="col" style="width: 30%;"|English
!English
!scope="col" style="width: 10%;"|Author
!Commentary
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Identification
!scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |Our notes
|-
|-
|[[S. Michaelis Archangeli]]
|Viae Beatorum omnium
|Archangel Michael
|The Milky Way
|Julius Schiller
|Ursa Minor
|
|
|-
|-
|Naviculae S. Petri
|Ship of Saint Peter
|Julius Schiller
|Ursa Major
|
|
|
|
|}
===Here is an overview on all Christianized constellation names===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!scope="col" style="width: 21,25%;"|short description
!scope="col" style="width: 21,25%;"|original description
!scope="col" style="width: 21,25%;"|English
!scope="col" style="width: 21,25%;"|constellation
!scope="col" style="width: 15%;"|Our notes
|-
|-
|S. Innocentum
|Aaron
|Innocent Children
|Aaron Summus  Sacerdos
|Julius Schiller
|Aaron, High Priest
|Draco
|[[Grus]]
|
|
|-
|-
|4
|Abel
|Saint Stephanus
|Abel Iustus
|Julius Schiller
|Abel the Just
|Cepheus
|[[Dorado]]
|
|
|-
|-
|5
|Abraham et Isaac
|Pope Sylvester I
|Sancti Patriarchi Abraham et Isaac
|Julius Schiller
|The Holy Patriarchs, Abraham and Isaac
|Bootes
|[[Centaurus]]
|
|
|-
|-
|6
|Agnus Paschalis
|The flagellum of Christ
|Agnus Paschalis
|Julius Schiller
|The Paschal Lamb
|Coma Berenices
|[[Canis Minor]]
|
|
|-
|-
|7
|Altare Thymiamatis
|The crown of thorns
|Altare Thymiamatis
|Julius Schiller
|The Altar of Incense
|Corona Borealis
|[[Ara]]
|
|
|-
|-
|8
|Andrea
|The three Wise Men
|Sanctus Andrea Apostolus
|Julius Schiller
|St Andrew, Apostle
|Hercules
|[[Taurus]]
|
|
|-
|-
|9
|Arca Foederis
|The Christmas crib
|Sancta Arca Foederis sive Testimonium  Divinum
|Julius Schiller
|The Ark of the Covenant or The Divine  Testimoium
|Lyra
|[[Crater]]
|
|
|-
|-
|10
|Arca Noachi
|Saint Helena
|Arca Patriarchae Noachi
|Julius Schiller
|The Ark of the Patriarch Noah
|Cygnus
|[[Argo]] Navis
|
|
|-
|-
|11
|Bartholomaeus
|Mary Magdalene
|Sanctus Bartholomaeus Apostolus
|Julius Schiller
|St Bartholomew, Apostle
|Cassiopeia
|[[Scorpius]]
|
|
|-
|-
|12
|Benedictus
|Saint Paul
|Santus Pater Benedictus inter spinas
|Julius Schiller
|St Benedict Amongst the Thorns
|Perseus
|[[Ophiuchus]]
|
|
|-
|-
|13
|Camelus Rebeccae
|Saint Jerome
|Julius Schiller
|Auriga
|
|
|Camel of Rebecca
| colspan="2" |[[Camelopardalis]]
|-
|-
|14
|Catharina
|Saint Benedict
|Sancta Catharina Virgo et Martyr
|Julius Schiller
|St Catherine, Virgin and Martyr
|Ophiuchus
|[[Aquila]]
|
|
|-
|-
|15
|Clavum Lanceaque Christi
|The burning bush
|Sanctissimi Clavi et Lancea Christi  Domini Crucifixi
|Julius Schiller
|The Most Holy Nails and Lance of the  Crucified Christ the Lord
|Serpens
|[[Sagitta]]
|
|
|-
|-
|16
|[[Columba]] Noachi
|Saint Catherine
|Columba Noachi
|Julius Schiller
|The Dove of Noah
|Aquila
| colspan="2" |[[Columba]]
|-
|Corona Christi Spinea
|Tremenda et Spinea Christi Regis Regum  Corona
|The Crown of Thorns of Christ, King of  Kings
|[[Corona Borealis]]
|
|
|-
|-
|17
|[[Crux]]
|The Holy Lance
|Salutifera et Termagna Crux Christi, Cum  Augusta Eius Inventrice Sancta Helena
|Julius Schiller
|The Health-Giving Third Cross of Christ  with Its Discoverer, Empress St Helena
|Sagitta
|[[Cygnus]]
|
|
|-
|-
|18
|David
|Watercup of the wedding at Cana
|Sanctus Rex et Propheta David
|Julius Schiller
|St David, King and Prophet
|Delphinus
|[[Canis Major]]
|
|
|-
|-
|19
|Diademata Salomonis
|Rosa mystica
|Diademata regis Salomonis
|Julius Schiller
|The Crown of King Solomon
|Equuleus
|[[Corona Australis]]
|
|
|-
|-
|20
|Eva
|Archangel Gabriel
|Eva Mater Cunctorum Viventium
|Julius Schiller
|Eve, the Mother of all Living Things
|Pegasus
|
|
|Apis
|-
|-
|21
|Flagellum Christi
|The Holy Grave
|Sacratissimum Flagellum Christi  Salvatoris
|Julius Schiller
|The Most Sacred Scourge of Christ the  Saviour
|Andromeda
|[[Coma Berenices]]
|
|
|-
|-
|22
|Frondis Rosa
|The Tiara Petri
|Rosa Mystica sive  Frondis Rosa
|Julius Schiller
|The Mystic Rose or  The Rose Branch
|Triangulum
|[[Equuleus]]
|
|
|-
|-
|23
|Gabriel
|Saint Anna and Saint Joachim
|Sanctus Gabriel Archangelus
|Julius Schiller
|St Gabriel, Archangel
|Cetus
|[[Pegasus]]
|
|
|-
|-
|24
|Gallus
|Saint Joseph
|Gallus
|Julius Schiller
|The cockerel
|Orion
| colspan="2" |now part of [[Puppis]]
|-
|Hieronymus
|Sanctus Hieronymus Ecclesiae Doctor
|St Jerome, Doctor of the Church
|[[Auriga]]
|
|
|-
|-
|25
|Hydria Chananea
|Simon Petrus
|Hydria Chananea Aquae in Vinum Versa
|Julius Schiller
|The Jars of Water Turned to Wine in Cana
|Aries
|[[Delphinus]]
|
|
|-
|-
|26
|Hydria Serapthanae
|Andrew the Apostle
|Hydria Farina Sarepthanae Viduae
|Julius Schiller
|The Grain Jar of the Widow of Zarephath
|Taurus
|[[Piscis Austrinus]]
|
|
|-
|-
|27
|Iacobus
|James the Apostle
|Sanctus Iacobus Maior Apostolus
|Julius Schiller
|St James the Greater, Apostle
|Gemini
|[[Gemini]]
|
|
|-
|-
|28
|Iacobus Minor
|John the Apostle
|Sanctus Iacobus Minor Apostolus
|Julius Schiller
|St James the Lesser, Apostle
|Cancer
|[[Virgo]]
|
|
|-
|-
|29
|Innocentii
|Thomas the Apostle
|Sancti Innocentii Pueri
|Julius Schiller
|The Holy Innocent Children
|Leo
|[[Draco]]
|
|
|-
|-
|30
|Ioachim et Anna
|James, son of Alphaus
|Santi Ioachim et Anna Parentes Deiparae
|Julius Schiller
|Joachim and Anne, Parents of the Holy  Mother
|Virgo
|[[Cetus]]
|
|
|-
|-
|31
|Ioannes
|Philip
|Sanctus Ioannes Apostolus et Evangelista
|Julius Schiller
|St John, Apostle and Evangelist
|Libra
|[[Cancer]]
|
|
|-
|-
|32
|Iob
|Bartholomew
|Servus Dei Iob
|Julius Schiller
|Job, Servant of God
|Scorpio
|[[Indus]]
|
|
|-
|-
|33
|[[Jordanus|Iordanus]]
|Matthew
|Iordanus Fluvius
|Julius Schiller
|The Jordan River
|Sagittarius
|[[Hydra]]
|
|
|-
|-
|34
|Ioseph
|Simon the Zealot
|Sanctus Ioseph Vir Mariae
|Julius Schiller
|St Joseph, Husband of Mary
|Capricorn
|[[Orion]]
|
|
|-
|-
|35
|Maria Magdalena
|Judas Thaddaeus
|Sancta Maria Magdalena
|Julius Schiller
|St Mary Magdalene
|Aquarius
|[[Cassiopeia]]
|
|
|-
|-
|36
|Matthaeus
|Matthias
|Sanctus Matthaeus Apostolus et  Evangelista
|Julius Schiller
|St Matthew, Apostle and Evangelist
|Pisces
|[[Sagittarius]]
|
|
|-
|-
|37
|Matthias
|The Red Sea
|Sanctus Matthias Apostolus
|Julius Schiller
|St Matthew, Apostle
|Eridanus
|[[Pisces]]
|
|
|-
|-
|38
|[[S. Michaelis Archangeli|Michael]]
|Gideon
|Sanctus Michael Archangelus Princeps Militae Coelestis Exercitus
|Julius Schiller
|St Michael, Archangel, Military Leader
|Lepus
|[[Ursa Minor]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Columba]] Noachi
|Mitra
|The dove of Noah
|Mitra Pontificalis S. Petri
|Julius Schiller
|The Pontifical Mitre of St Peter
|Columba
|[[Triangulum]]
|
|
|-
|-
|40
|[[Monoceros]]
|King David
|Julius Schiller
|Canis Major
|
|
|-
|41
|The Lamb of God
|Julius Schiller
|Canis Minor
|
|
|-
|42
|Noah's Ark
|Julius Schiller
|Argo
|
|
|see [[Monoceros]]
|-
|-
|43
|[[Navicula S. Petri]]
|The River Jordan
|Navicula Sancti Petri Apostoli
|Julius Schiller
|The Boat of St Peter, Apostle
|Hydra
|[[Ursa Major]]
|
|
|-
|-
|44
|Paulus
|The Ark of the Covenant
|Sanctus Paulus Apostolus, Gentiumque  Doctor
|Julius Schiller
|St Paul, Apostle, Teacher of the People
|Crater and Corvus
|[[Perseus]]
|
|
|-
|-
|45
|Petrus
|Abraham and Isaac
|Santus Petrus Princeps Apostolorum
|Julius Schiller
|St Peter, First Apostle
|Centaurus
|[[Aries]]
|
|
|-
|-
|46
|Philippus
|Jacob
|Sanctus Philippus Apostolus
|Julius Schiller
|St Philip, Apostle
|Lupus
|[[Libra]]
|
|
|-
|-
|47
|Praesepium Christi
|Showbread table
|Ter venerandum Praesepium Salvatoris  Christi
|Julius Schiller
|Thrice Venerated Manger of Christ the  Saviour
|Ara
|[[Lyra]]
|
|
|-
|-
|48
|Raphael
|The crown of Salomo
|Sanctus Raphaelus Archangelus
|Julius Schiller
|St Raphael, Archangel
|Corona Australis
|[[Hydrus]]
|
|
|-
|-
|49
|Sanctus Israelis
|
|Sanctus Israelis  sive Iacobus Patriarcha
|Julius Schiller
|The Holy One of  Israel or The Patriarch Jacob
|Piscis Austrinus
|[[Lupus]]
|
|
|-
|-
|50
|Sepulchrus Christi
|Highpriest Aaron
|Sepulchrus Triumphatoris Christi
|Julius Schiller
|The Tomb of Christ, Triumphant
|Grus and Phoenix
|[[Andromeda]]
|
|
|-
|-
|51
|Signum Tau
|Job
|Signum Mystici Tau
|Julius Schiller
|The Sign of the Mystical Tau
|Pavo and Indus
|[[Triangulum Australe]]
|
|
|-
|-
|52
|Silvester
|Eve
|Sanctus Silvester Pontifex Maximus
|Julius Schiller
|Pope St Sylvester
|Musca
|[[Bootes]]
|
|
|-
|-
|53
|Simon
|The tau cross
|Sanctus Simon Zelotus Apostolus
|Julius Schiller
|St Simon the Zealot, Apostle
|Triangulum Australe
|[[Capricornus]]
|
|
|-
|-
|54
|Stephanus
|Abel
|Sanctus Stephanus Protomartyrus
|Julius Schiller
|St Stephen, the First Martyr
|Piscis Volans and Dorado
|[[Cepheus]]
|
|
|-
|-
|55
|Thadaeus
|Archangel Raphael
|Sanctus Iudas Thadaeus Apostolus
|Julius Schiller
|St Jude Thaddeus, Apostle
|Tucan and Hydrus
|[[Aquarius]]
|
|
|-
|-
|
|Thomas
|
|Sanctus Thomas Apostolus
|
|St Thomas, Apostle
|
|[[Leo]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Crux]]
|Transitus Israel
|
|Transitus Israel nempe per mare rubrum
|
|Israel Crossing the Red Sea
|
|[[Eridanus]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Monoceros]]
|Trium Reges
|
|Sancti Trium Reges
|
|The Three Kings
|
|[[Hercules]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Camelopardalis]]
|Vellera Gedeonis
|
|Vellera Gedeonis
|Jakob Bartsch
|The Fleece of Gideon
|
|[[Lepus]]
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}


== Authors==
*
'''Julius Schiller''' († 1627 in Augsburg) was a German astronomer and Augustinian monk, as well as a contemporary of Johann Bayer, who also lived in Augsburg.
 
With Bayer’s assistance, Schiller published the star atlas ''Coelum Stellatum Christianum'' in 1627, the year of his death. The work was an attempt to create a "Christian" star catalogue, in which the common constellations were renamed and depicted with figures from Christian tradition. In general, figures and symbols from the New Testament appear north of the ecliptic, and those from the Old Testament to the south, while the zodiac constellations of the twelve signs were replaced with the twelve apostles.
 
The star catalogue is considered a curiosity and, unlike Bayer’s ''Uranometria'', never achieved great significance. Unlike Bayer, Schiller depicted the starry sky reversed, that is, from God’s perspective of the firmament looking down toward the Earth. This representation followed the tradition of celestial globes, whereas for individual celestial sections in historical maps and atlases the "correct" orientation was more common. Schiller’s constellations were taken up in only one later work: the artistic atlas ''Harmonia Macrocosmica'' by Andreas Cellarius in 1661. The lunar crater Schiller is named after him.
 
==Acknowledgements==
== References ==
 
* Julius Schiller, ''Coelum Stellatum Christianum''. Aperger, Augsburg 1627
* Julius Schiller, ''Coelum Stellatum Christianum Convexum.'' Aperger, Augsburg 1627


[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:European]] [[Category:Latin]] [[Category:Christianised]]  
[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:European]] [[Category:Latin]] [[Category:Christianised]]  
[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]

Latest revision as of 05:59, 5 February 2026

Authors: Doris Vickers, Susanne M Hoffmann

Error creating thumbnail:
Central Europe (c. 1648). The culture of Christianization of the sky was an early modern attempt to unite European thinkers across the boundaries of a multitude of Christian confessions.

In this lexicon, we describe the names of a specific historical movement in Early modern history. During the Thirty Years' War in Central Europe (1618-1648) and in the decades before it that led to this war, even the work of scholars was affected by religious conflicts and the depreciation of specific Christian subgroups (traditional Catholics versus Lutherian Protestants versus Calvinists etc.). Astronomers and cartographers in that time had the same idea of one humanity "under one sky" as the IAU has been doing in the 20th and 21st centuries, but there were also attempts to project the figures that were common in all of the Christian churches into the sky and consciously reinterpret the sky with characters known to everybody in Europe.

Note that the authors of this lexicon refrain from promoting any religion; we just document a historical movement.

Name Lists

Solar System Names

Original term English Commentary
Jesus Christ Sun
Mary Moon
Elijah Mercury
St. John the Baptist Venus
Joshua Mars
Moses Jupiter
Adam Saturn
The title page of Schiller's Coelum Stellatum Christianum (1627).
The title page of Schiller's Coelum Stellatum Christianum (1627).

Julius Schiller quotes the mnemonic verses of Jacob Bartsch to memorise the new identifications of the planets (translation by Doris Vickers):

Vet. STELLÆ VII. SPHÆRARUM ERRATICÆ. Nov. Chorus Planetarum VII. Sacer.

Est Saturnus Adam, primus Pater atq[ue] Colonus.

Iuppiter est Moses, Legum dator ille Iehovæ.

Belliger Israël populi Dux Iosua Mavors.

Est Sol Iustitiæ Christus Mediator Iesus.

Præcursor Christi Ioannes Lucifer almus.

Mercurius dubius cælo venturus Elias.

Luna Dei Genetrix est Virgo beata Maria.

Old: The Seven Wandering Stars of the Spheres. New: The Holy Choir of the Seven Planets.

Saturn is Adam, the first father and tiller of the soil.

Jupiter is Moses, that giver of the laws of Jehovah.

Mars is Joshua, the warlike leader of the people of Israel.

The Sun is Christ Jesus the Mediator, the Sun of Justice.

Venus is John [the Baptist], the nourishing Morning Star and precursor of Christ.

Mercury is the uncertain Elias [Elijah], who is to come from heaven.

The Moon is the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Mother of God.

Other Names

Original term English Commentary
Viae Beatorum omnium The Milky Way


Here is an overview on all Christianized constellation names

short description original description English constellation Our notes
Aaron Aaron Summus Sacerdos Aaron, High Priest Grus
Abel Abel Iustus Abel the Just Dorado
Abraham et Isaac Sancti Patriarchi Abraham et Isaac The Holy Patriarchs, Abraham and Isaac Centaurus
Agnus Paschalis Agnus Paschalis The Paschal Lamb Canis Minor
Altare Thymiamatis Altare Thymiamatis The Altar of Incense Ara
Andrea Sanctus Andrea Apostolus St Andrew, Apostle Taurus
Arca Foederis Sancta Arca Foederis sive Testimonium Divinum The Ark of the Covenant or The Divine Testimoium Crater
Arca Noachi Arca Patriarchae Noachi The Ark of the Patriarch Noah Argo Navis
Bartholomaeus Sanctus Bartholomaeus Apostolus St Bartholomew, Apostle Scorpius
Benedictus Santus Pater Benedictus inter spinas St Benedict Amongst the Thorns Ophiuchus
Camelus Rebeccae Camel of Rebecca Camelopardalis
Catharina Sancta Catharina Virgo et Martyr St Catherine, Virgin and Martyr Aquila
Clavum Lanceaque Christi Sanctissimi Clavi et Lancea Christi Domini Crucifixi The Most Holy Nails and Lance of the Crucified Christ the Lord Sagitta
Columba Noachi Columba Noachi The Dove of Noah Columba
Corona Christi Spinea Tremenda et Spinea Christi Regis Regum Corona The Crown of Thorns of Christ, King of Kings Corona Borealis
Crux Salutifera et Termagna Crux Christi, Cum Augusta Eius Inventrice Sancta Helena The Health-Giving Third Cross of Christ with Its Discoverer, Empress St Helena Cygnus
David Sanctus Rex et Propheta David St David, King and Prophet Canis Major
Diademata Salomonis Diademata regis Salomonis The Crown of King Solomon Corona Australis
Eva Eva Mater Cunctorum Viventium Eve, the Mother of all Living Things Apis
Flagellum Christi Sacratissimum Flagellum Christi Salvatoris The Most Sacred Scourge of Christ the Saviour Coma Berenices (πλόκαμος)
Frondis Rosa Rosa Mystica sive Frondis Rosa The Mystic Rose or The Rose Branch Equuleus
Gabriel Sanctus Gabriel Archangelus St Gabriel, Archangel Pegasus
Gallus Gallus The cockerel now part of Puppis
Hieronymus Sanctus Hieronymus Ecclesiae Doctor St Jerome, Doctor of the Church Auriga
Hydria Chananea Hydria Chananea Aquae in Vinum Versa The Jars of Water Turned to Wine in Cana Delphinus
Hydria Serapthanae Hydria Farina Sarepthanae Viduae The Grain Jar of the Widow of Zarephath Piscis Austrinus
Iacobus Sanctus Iacobus Maior Apostolus St James the Greater, Apostle Gemini
Iacobus Minor Sanctus Iacobus Minor Apostolus St James the Lesser, Apostle Virgo
Innocentii Sancti Innocentii Pueri The Holy Innocent Children Draco
Ioachim et Anna Santi Ioachim et Anna Parentes Deiparae Joachim and Anne, Parents of the Holy Mother Cetus
Ioannes Sanctus Ioannes Apostolus et Evangelista St John, Apostle and Evangelist Cancer
Iob Servus Dei Iob Job, Servant of God Indus
Iordanus Iordanus Fluvius The Jordan River Hydra
Ioseph Sanctus Ioseph Vir Mariae St Joseph, Husband of Mary Orion
Maria Magdalena Sancta Maria Magdalena St Mary Magdalene Cassiopeia
Matthaeus Sanctus Matthaeus Apostolus et Evangelista St Matthew, Apostle and Evangelist Sagittarius
Matthias Sanctus Matthias Apostolus St Matthew, Apostle Pisces
Michael Sanctus Michael Archangelus Princeps Militae Coelestis Exercitus St Michael, Archangel, Military Leader Ursa Minor
Mitra Mitra Pontificalis S. Petri The Pontifical Mitre of St Peter Triangulum
Monoceros see Monoceros
Navicula S. Petri Navicula Sancti Petri Apostoli The Boat of St Peter, Apostle Ursa Major
Paulus Sanctus Paulus Apostolus, Gentiumque Doctor St Paul, Apostle, Teacher of the People Perseus
Petrus Santus Petrus Princeps Apostolorum St Peter, First Apostle Aries
Philippus Sanctus Philippus Apostolus St Philip, Apostle Libra
Praesepium Christi Ter venerandum Praesepium Salvatoris Christi Thrice Venerated Manger of Christ the Saviour Lyra
Raphael Sanctus Raphaelus Archangelus St Raphael, Archangel Hydrus
Sanctus Israelis Sanctus Israelis sive Iacobus Patriarcha The Holy One of Israel or The Patriarch Jacob Lupus
Sepulchrus Christi Sepulchrus Triumphatoris Christi The Tomb of Christ, Triumphant Andromeda
Signum Tau Signum Mystici Tau The Sign of the Mystical Tau Triangulum Australe
Silvester Sanctus Silvester Pontifex Maximus Pope St Sylvester Bootes
Simon Sanctus Simon Zelotus Apostolus St Simon the Zealot, Apostle Capricornus
Stephanus Sanctus Stephanus Protomartyrus St Stephen, the First Martyr Cepheus
Thadaeus Sanctus Iudas Thadaeus Apostolus St Jude Thaddeus, Apostle Aquarius
Thomas Sanctus Thomas Apostolus St Thomas, Apostle Leo
Transitus Israel Transitus Israel nempe per mare rubrum Israel Crossing the Red Sea Eridanus
Trium Reges Sancti Trium Reges The Three Kings Hercules
Vellera Gedeonis Vellera Gedeonis The Fleece of Gideon Lepus
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