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Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
 
Cite as: Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, online in the IAU-All Skies Encyclopaedia (2021-202x).
----
----
[[File:Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC.svg|thumb|Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC]]
[[File:Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC.svg|thumb|Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BCE]]
 
Please note some [[Mesopotamian (Technical Remarks)|'''Technical Remarks''']] on the Assyriology, some translations changed from the common ones and some technical terms we use here to reconcile Assyriological and other philologies' habits in historical and cultural astronomy.


== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
This dictionary is in a preliminary state (a beta-version). We are still in the process of editing, regularizing technical details such as citation issues, and selecting illustrations. Nonetheless, even in this incomplete form the Planetarium Babylonicum is already the most complete reference work available for Mesopotamian sky-names. Please feel free to make use of our data as is, bearing in mind that you are using  unfinished/ incomplete version which often undergoes changes on a  daily basis. We hope for completion of a preliminary alpha-version by 2027.     
This dictionary is in a preliminary state (a beta-version). We are still in the process of editing, regularizing technical details such as citation issues, and selecting illustrations. Nonetheless, even in this incomplete form the Planetarium Babylonicum is already the most complete reference work available for Mesopotamian sky-names. Please feel free to make use of our data as is, bearing in mind that you are using  unfinished/ incomplete version which often undergoes changes on a  daily basis. We hope for completion of a preliminary alpha-version by 2027.     
 
We thank G. Kurtik and his family for providing his updated materials from Kurtik 2007 for inclusion in this more comprehensive product. We translated his unfinished manuscript to English, relaced many of his non-standard Assyriological abbreviations, titles, translations, hyperlinked all (or most of) the references and are still updating his (largely outdated or indistinguished) astronomical identifications which is a research project on its own within this corpus. Still, some information is missing, as Kurtik passed away while working on it: so, we also try to reconstruct what he had in mind. For now, the beta-version still is undergoing some sorting and restructuring of the Assyriological material. The alpha-version will be more in line with contemporary standards. Likewise, we are still in the process of regularizing transliteration of Sumerian and Akkadian texts and seeking the most appropriate possible font for presenting cuneiform signs. 
 
=== Pronunciation  ===
The oldest cuneiform language is Sumerian. It was originally spoken in Southern Mesopotamia, where the cuneiform script was created about 3300 BCE. Sumerian as a spoken language was supplanted by Akkadian around 2000 BCE, but it continued to be used as a sacred and literary language and was taught in scribal training until the end of the cuneiform culture in the 1st century CE. Akkadian, with its main dialects Babylonian and Assyrian, belongs to the Semitic language family. Its pronunciation can therefore be reconstructed relatively well. Sumerian, on the other hand, is an isolated language whose pronunciation we are less able to reconstruct accurately. The phonemic systems of the two languages differed considerably.
 
'''Generally speaking (for the public):''' As Sumerian and Akkadian coexisted for millennia, some pronunciations are well reconstructed (from Akkadian) and some are uncertain, as we have no direct means of being certain as to their exact pronunciations or to dialectical differences in either language.  Two names illustrate this difficulty: lu<sub>2</sub>.hun.ga<sub>2</sub> and pa.bil<sub>2</sub>.sag (sometimes spelt pa.bil<sub>2</sub>.saĝ). Each shows a nasalized g (hunga and sang). Hence, the resumption of the nasalized ga<sub>2</sub> rather than ga<sub>1</sub> (here g as in goat) for lu<sub>2</sub>.hun.ga<sub>2</sub>, and pa.bil.sag with nasalized g as in Sumerian hur.sag (mountain range) = Akkadian ''hurshannu'' or variants of the name of the Temple of Marduk in Babylon esagil/ esangil.


We thank G. Kurtik and his family for providing his updated materials from Kurtik 2007 for inclusion in this more comprehensive product. For now, many of his non-standard Assyriological abbreviations remain in the beta-version.  The alpha-version will be more in line with contemporary standards.  Likewise, we are still in the process of regularizing transliteration of Sumerian and Akkadian texts and seeking the most appropriate possible font for presenting cuneiform signs. 
'''More specifically:''' There is a standardized scholarly transcription system for cuneiform. Its most important features are:


# Individual cuneiform characters are separated by “.” or ".-”. Syllabic values (syllabograms) are written in lowercase and connected by “-": kak-ka-bu-um or ka-ak-ka-bu-um for ''/kakkabum/'' “star.”
# Word signs (logograms) are generally rendered in uppercase letters and/or spaced.
# So-called “determinatives” — that is, signs that indicate a word’s semantic class but are not pronounced (e.g.,  prefixed mul for stars or suffixed ki for places) — are written in superscript or separated by a period.
# Cuneiform characters with the same phonetic value are distinguished by index numbers, whereby the acute accent may be used instead of “2” and the grave accent instead of “3”; thus, lu, lu<sub>2</sub> = lú, lu<sub>3</sub> = lù, lu<sub>4</sub>, lu<sub>5</sub>, etc. represent different cuneiform signs with the pronunciation ''/lu/''. A typical phoneme in Sumerian  was a velar (and presumably also labialized) nasal, which is scientifically transliterated as ĝ or ŋ, but is rendered more popularly as ng. For example, the Sumerian name for “Aries” can appear as lu<sub>2</sub>.hun.ga<sub>2</sub> or (more accurately) lu<sub>2</sub>.huĝ<sub>3</sub>-ĝa<sub>2</sub> or Luhunga. 


=== Pronunciation  ===
Typical phonemes of Akkadian appear in scientific transliterations as q (glottalized k), ṭ (glottalized t), ṣ (glottalized ts), š (English sh). Long vowels are expressed by a macron (ā), contracted (long) vowels by a cirkumflex (â).
Sumerian and Akkadian coexisted for millennia but we have no direct means of being certain as to their exact pronunciations or to dialectical differences in either language. Two names illustrate this difficulty: lu<sub>2</sub>.hun.ga<sub>2</sub> and pa.bil<sub>2</sub>.sag. Each shows a nasalized g of the order of Spanish "señor" (hunga and sang). Hence, the resumption of the nasalized ga<sub>2</sub> rather than ga<sub>1</sub> (here g as in goat) for lu<sub>2</sub>.hun.ga<sub>2</sub>, and pa.bil.sag with nasalized g as in Sumerian hur.sag (mountain range) = Akkadian ''hurshannu'' or variants of the name of the Temple of Marduk in Babylon esagil/ esangil.
== Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven ==
This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:
 
* Kurtik, G. (2007):  
** Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил 
** [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies],
** Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
 
The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik. The terms we added bear no numbers.  


=== Month Names ===
=== Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
!
!cuneiform
!Sumerian
(OB)
!Sumerian (alternate)
!cuneiform  (NA)
!Hebrew
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!Akkadian
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!...
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |Our notes
!
|-
|-
|Month I
|𒀀
|<sup>ITI</sup>BARA<sub>2</sub>.ZAG(.GAR)
Month (images) placed by throne
|ITI.BAR(.SAG.SAG)
|Nisan נִיסָן
|''Nisānu''
|
|
|
|a01. [[UR.GU.LA|A]]
|Abbreviation for  [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Merged into [[UR.A|UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|-
|Month II
|𒀀𒂔
|<sup>ITI</sup>(EZEM.)GU<sub>4</sub>.SI.SU
Month horned oxen marched forth
|ITI.GU4(.SI.SÁ)
|Iyar אִייָר‎
|''Ayyāru''
|
|
|
|a02. [[ERU (Goddess)|A.EDIN]]
|A goddess
|Redirect to [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|-
|-
|Month III
|<span lang='akk';">𒀭𒀀𒆪</span>
|<sup>ITI</sup>SIG<sub>4</sub>.U<sub>5</sub>.ŠUB.BA.GÁ.GAR
Month the brick is placed in the mold
|ITI.SIG4.A
|Sivan סִיוָן
|''simānu''
|
|
|
|a03. [[A.GI7|<sup>d</sup>A.KU]]
|Moon
|Redirect to  [[A.GI7|A.GI<sub>7</sub>]]
|-
|-
|Month IV
|𒀉𒄷
|<sup>ITI</sup>ŠU.NUMUN
Month preparing seed
|ITI.ŠU(.NUMUN.A/NA);
ITI.ŠU.GAR.NUMUN.NA
|Tammuz תַּמּוּז
|''Dûzu''
|
|
|
|a04. [[TE8.mušen|A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup>]]
|The Eagle
|Redirect to [[TE8.mušen|TE<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup>]]
|-
|-
|Month V
|<span lang='akk';">𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵</span>
|<sup>ITI</sup>NE.IZI.GAR
Month braziers are lit
|ITI.NE(.NE.GAR)
|Av אָב
|''Abu''
|
|
|a05. [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A<sub>2</sub>.GU<sub>2</sub>.ZI.GA]]
|Venus; (Star) of the morning
|
|
|-
|-
|Month VI
|𒀊𒉆
|<sup>ITI</sup>KIN.<sup>d</sup>INANNA
Month of rectification of Inanna
|ITI.KIN
|Elul אֱלוּל
|''Ulūlu /'' ''Elūlu''
|
|
|a06. [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN<sub>2</sub>]]
| rowspan="2" |The Barley Stalk
| rowspan="2" |Same term
|-
|𒆠𒀸𒀸
|
|
|a07. [[AB.SIN|ABSIN]]
|-
|-
|Month VII
|𒀜𒈨
|<sup>ITI</sup>DU<sub>6</sub>.KÙ
Month of Sacred Mound
|ITI.DU6/DUL(.KÙ)
|Tishrei תִּשְׁרֵי
|''tašrītu''
|
|
|a08. *AD.ME
|
|
|The lemma was deleted because Gehlken, Weather Omens of EAE, p.120 has the reading ''šit-qul-ti'' MUL.MUL ''u'' Sin.
|-
|-
|Month VIII
|𒈕
|<sup>ITI(GIŠ)</sup>APIN.DU<sub>8</sub>.A
Month the plow is let go
|ITI.APIN(.DU8.A)
|(Mar)Cheshvan
מַרְחֶשְׁוָן/חֶשְׁוָן
|''Arahsamnu''
|
|
|a09. [[AD6|AD<sub>6</sub>]]
|The Corpse
|Akkadian ''pagru''
|-
|𒉘𒀭𒁔
|
|
|a10. [[AG2.AN.BUR2|AG<sub>2</sub>.AN.BUR<sub>2</sub>]]
|The Crown of Anu (?)
|can be merged into a12. AGA Anim
|-
|-
|Month IX
|𒂆
|<sup>ITI</sup>GAN.GAN.(MU.)E<sub>3</sub>
Month when the clouds(?) come out
|ITI.GAN(.GAN.NA)
|Kislev כִּסְלֵו
|''Kisilīmu''
|
|
|a11. [[AGA]]
|The Crown
|
|
|-
|-
|Month X
|𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏
|<sup>ITI</sup>AB.E<sub>3</sub>
Month of the father
|ITI.AB(.BA.È)
|Tevet טֵבֵת
|''ṭebētu''
|
|
|a12. [[AGA A-nim|AGA <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'']]
|The Crown of Anu
|
|
|-
|-
|Month XI
|𒀝𒊒
|<sup>ITI</sup>ZIZ<sub>2</sub>.A
Month for emmer
|ITI.ZÍZ(.A.AN)
|Shevat שְׁבָט
|''Šabāṭu''
|
|
|a13. ''[[Agru]]''
|The Hired Man
|
|
|-
|-
|Month XII
|𒀀𒄩𒋾
|<sup>ITI</sup>ŠE.KIN.KU<sub>5</sub>
Month of the cutting of barley
|ITI.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|Adar אֲדָר
|''Adaru''
|
|
|a14. ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]''
|Sister
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀀𒄷𒌋
|
|
|<sup>ITI</sup>DIRI.ŠE.KIN.KU<sub>5</sub>
|a15. ''[[Aḫû]]''
|ITI.DIRIG.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|The Stranger
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|a16. [[AḪUD|<sup>d</sup>AḪUD]]
|Mercury
|
|
|-
|𒃰𒋺𒋛
|
|
|a17. [[AKKIL]]
|
|
|}
=== Cite ===
Gennady Kurtik, Wayne Horowitz, Susanne M Hoffmann, Hermann Hunger, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Jan Safford (2021-202x). Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, online.
== Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven ==
This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:
* Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил  [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies],  Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik, we added terms without numbers by us.
=== Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform  (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |Our notes
|-
|𒀀
|
|
|a01. [[UR.GU.LA|A]]
|Abbreviation for  [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Merged into [[UR.A|UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|-
|𒀀𒂔
|
|
|a02. [[ERU (Goddess)|A.EDIN]]
|A goddess
|Redirect to [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|-
|<span lang='akk';">𒀭𒀀𒆪</span>
|
|
|a03. [[A.GI7|<sup>d</sup>A.KU]]
|Alammuš
|Moon
|Redirect to  [[A.GI7|A.GI<sub>7</sub>]]
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|
|a04. [[TE8.mušen|A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup>]]
|God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. <sup>d</sup>(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
|The Eagle
|Redirect to [[TE8.mušen|TE<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup>]]
|-
|-
|<span lang='akk';">𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵</span>
|𒀠𒈜
|
|
|a05. [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A<sub>2</sub>.GU<sub>2</sub>.ZI.GA]]
|a18. [[AL.LUL]]
|Venus; (Star) of the morning
|Crab
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀊𒉆
|𒀠𒋻
|
|
|a06. [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN<sub>2</sub>]]
|a19. AL.TAR
| rowspan="2" |The Barley Stalk
|Jupiter, Heroic
| rowspan="2" |Same term
|Merged into [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|-
|-
|𒆠𒀸𒀸
|𒀩
|
|
|a07. [[AB.SIN|ABSIN]]
|a20. [[ALAM]]
|-
|Sun, Venus
|𒀜𒈨
|
|
|a08. *AD.ME
|
|The lemma was deleted because Gehlken, Weather Omens of EAE, p.120 has the reading ''šit-qul-ti'' MUL.MUL ''u'' Sin.
|-
|-
|𒈕
|𒀠𒈜
|
|
|a09. [[AD6|AD<sub>6</sub>]]
|a21. [[AL.LUL|ALLA]]
|The Corpse
|Crab
|Akkadian ''pagru''
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|-
|𒉘𒀭𒁔
|
|
|a10. [[AG2.AN.BUR2|AG<sub>2</sub>.AN.BUR<sub>2</sub>]]
|The Crown of Anu (?)
|can be merged into a12. AGA Anim
|-
|𒂆
|
|
|a11. [[AGA]]
|a22. ''Alluttum''
|The Crown
|
|
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|-
|𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏
|𒀠𒁍
|
|
|a12. [[AGA A-nim|AGA <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'']]
|a23. ''[[Alpu]]''
|The Crown of Anu
|Bull
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀝𒊒
|
|
|a13. ''[[Agru]]''
|The Hired Man
|
|
|a24. ''Alû''
|
|Occurs only in the Neo-Assyrian texts Sm. 162 rev. 4: 
Now read [...mu]lba-a-li  [Horowitz Alb 234]; see (Kurtik a24) [[BALUM]]
|-
|-
|𒀀𒄩𒋾
|𒄠𒀭𒈾
|
|
|a14. ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]''
|a25. AM.AN.NA
|Sister
|
|
|Merged into [[GU4.AN.NA|GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA]]
|-
|-
|𒀀𒄷𒌋
|𒂼𒈨𒁁
|
|
|a15. ''[[Aḫû]]''
|a26. [[AMA.ME.TIL|<sup>d</sup>AMA.ME.TIL]]
|The Stranger
|Venus
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|𒀫𒄈
|
|
|a16. [[AḪUD|<sup>d</sup>AḪUD]]
|a27. AMAR.GIR<sub>2</sub>
|Mercury
|
|
|Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists:
*<sup>mul</sup>amar.˹gir<sub>2</sub>˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII].
*Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of <sup>mul</sup>amar.utu (see a28).
|-
|-
|𒃰𒋺𒋛
|𒀭𒀫𒌓
|
|a17. [[AKKIL]]
|
|
|
|a28. *<sup>d</sup>AMAR.UD ->  [[AMAR.UD|<sup>d</sup>AMAR.UTU]]
|Supreme deity Marduk
|"UD" now read "UTU" (cf. ''[[Nēberu]])''
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|Alammuš
|a29. ''[[Amurru]]''
|Western asterism
|
|
|God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. <sup>d</sup>(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
|-
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|𒀭
|
|
|a18. [[AL.LUL]]
|a30. [[AN]]
|Crab
|Sky deity; Mars
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|
|a19. AL.TAR
|Jupiter, Heroic
|Merged into [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|-
|𒀩
|
|
|a20. [[ALAM]]
|''[[Andurunna]]''
|Sun, Venus
|
|
|cosmic region and divine name: the pre-sky home of gods before Marduk created the heavens, see [Horowitz 1998, 225]
|-
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|𒀭𒆠
|
|a31. AN.KI
|
|
|a21. [[AL.LUL|ALLA]]
|Merged into [[NUNki|<sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup>]]
|Crab
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|-
|𒀭𒋙𒋼
|
|
|a32. AN.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.TE
|
|
|a22. ''Alluttum''
|Merged into [[AN]]
|
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|-
|𒀠𒁍
|𒀭𒋫𒁺
|
|
|a23. ''[[Alpu]]''
|a33. [[AN.TA.GUB]]
|Bull
|Standing star
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏
|
|
|a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA
|
|
|a24. ''Alû''
|Merged into [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|
|Occurs only in the Neo-Assyrian texts Sm. 162 rev. 4: 
Now read [...mu]lba-a-li  [Horowitz Alb 234]
|-
|-
|𒄠𒀭𒈾
|𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀
|
|
|a25. AM.AN.NA
|a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA
|
|
|Merged into [[GU4.AN.NA|GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA]]
|= ''kakkab eliš māqitu'' "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35].
Only in ''EAE'' predictions series: <sup>mul</sup>AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <''ana''> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].
|-
|-
|𒂼𒈨𒁁
|𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏
|
|
|a26. [[AMA.ME.TIL|<sup>d</sup>AMA.ME.TIL]]
|a36. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|Venus
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀫𒄈
|𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊
|
|
|a27. AMAR.GIR<sub>2</sub>
|a37. AN.U<sub>2</sub>.GI.E
|Wind demons
|moved to [[U2.GE.E|U<sub>2</sub>.GE.E]]
|-
|𒀭𒍪
|
|
|Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists:
|a38. AN.ZU
*<sup>mul</sup>amar.˹gir<sub>2</sub>˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII].
*Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of <sup>mul</sup>amar.utu (see a28).
|-
|𒀭𒀫𒌓
|
|
|a28. *<sup>d</sup>AMAR.UD -> [[AMAR.UD|<sup>d</sup>AMAR.UTU]]
|See (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|<sup>mul d</sup>IM.DUGUD<sup>mušen</sup>]]. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and <sup>d</sup>IM.DUGUD. Writings <sup>mul d</sup>IM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read <sup>mul d</sup>Anzu(d).
|Supreme deity Marduk
|"UD" now read "UTU" (cf. ''[[Nēberu]])''
|-
|-
|𒀲𒆳𒊏
|
|
|a39. [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]]
|Horse
|
|
|a29. ''[[Amurru]]''
|-
|Western asterism
|
|
|-
|𒀭
|
|
|a30. [[AN]]
|a40. <sup>d</sup>''Antum''
|Sky deity; Mars
|
|
|Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) <sup>mul d</sup>''Anum''. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) <sup>d</sup>''Anum'', 3. In the divine genealogies – the consort of the sky god Anu, see [[AN]]: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|''Andurruna''
|a41. <sup>d</sup>''Anum''
|
|
|cosmic region and divine name: the pre-sky (home of gods before Marduk created the heavens), see Horowitz (1998, 225)
|Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) [[AN]].
|-
|-
|𒀭𒆠
|𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓
|
|
|a31. AN.KI
|a42. ''[[Anunitu|<sup>d</sup>Anunītum]]''
|Deity Ištar
|
|
|Merged into [[NUNki|<sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup>]]
|-
|-
|𒀭𒋙𒋼
|
|
|a32. AN.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.TE
|
|
|Merged into [[AN]]
|''Anu-rabû''
|Great Anu
|“Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. <sup>d</sup>''A-num'' GAL-''ú šá'' AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
|-
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒁺
|
|
|a33. [[AN.TA.GUB]]
|Standing star
|
|
|Apil-Emaḫ
|First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ
|“First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. <sup>mul</sup>[[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA-É.MAḪ]] (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
|-
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏
|𒄑𒀳
|
|
|a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA
|a43. <sup>[[APIN|giš]]</sup> [[APIN]]
|Plough
|
|
|Merged into [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀
|
|
|a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA
|
|
|= ''kakkab eliš māqitu'' "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35].
|a44. ''Āribu''
Only in ''EAE'' predictions series: <sup>mul</sup>AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <''ana''> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].
|Raven
|Akkadian parallel to <sup>mul</sup>UGA<sup>mušen</sup> "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) [[UGA|UGA<sup>mušen</sup>]].
|-
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏
|𒀀𒊑𒌈
|
|
|a36. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|a45. ''[[Aritum|Arītum]]''
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|Shield
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊
|𒅈𒄷𒁾
|
|
|a37. [[AN.U2.GI.E|AN.U<sub>2</sub>.GI.E]]
|a46. ''[[Arḫum]]''
|Wind demons
|Month
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒍪
|𒀀𒋛𒁺
|
|
|a38. AN.ZU
|a47. ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''
|Heel
|"The heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
|-
|𒀸𒃶
|
|a48. AŠ.GAN
|
|
|See (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|<sup>mul d</sup>IM.DUGUD<sup>mušen</sup>]]. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and <sup>d</sup>IMDUGUD. Writings <sup>mul d</sup>IM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read <sup>mul d</sup>Anzu(d).
|See (Kurtik i04) [[IKU]]
|-
|-
|𒀲𒆳𒊏
|𒀸𒈨
|
|
|a39. [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]]
|a49. [[AŠ.ME]]
|Horse
|Sun, Saturn
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|a40. <sup>d</sup>''Antum''
|Aya
|
|
|Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) <sup>mul d</sup>''Anum''. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) <sup>d</sup>''Anum'', 3. In the divine genealogies–the consort of the sky god Anu, see [[AN]]: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
|Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. <sup>d</sup>A-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.  
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|a41. <sup>d</sup>''Anum''
|
|
|Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) [[AN]].
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓
|
|
|a42. ''[[Anunitu|<sup>d</sup>Anunītum]]''
|Deity Ištar
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|''Anu-rabû''
|Baba
|Great Anu
|
|“Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. <sup>d</sup>''A-num'' GAL-''ú šá'' AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
|<sup>d</sup>Ba-ba<sub>6</sub>, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associated with the asterism of The Goat.
|-
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒅆
|
|
|b01. <sup>d</sup>BA.LIM
|
|
|Apil-Emaḫ
|Misreading, see (Kurtik b05) [[BALUM|<sup>d</sup>''Balum'']]
|First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ
|“First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. <sup>mul</sup>[[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA-É.MAḪ]] (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
|-
|-
|𒄑𒀳
|
|
|a43. <sup>[[APIN|giš]]</sup> [[APIN]]
|Plough
|
|
|-
|b02. BAL.ME.GAR
|
|
|
|Misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat]]
|a44. ''Āribu''
|Raven
|Akkadian parallel to <sup>mul</sup>UGA<sup>mušen</sup> "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) [[UGA|UGA<sup>mušen</sup>]].
|-
|-
|𒀀𒊑𒌈
|𒁄𒌨𒀀
|
|
|a45. ''[[Aritum|Arītum]]''
|b03. [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ<sub>2</sub>.A]]
|Shield
|Asterism of Dignity
|
|
|-
|-
|𒅈𒄷𒁾
|𒁆
|
|
|a46. ''[[Arḫum]]''
|b04. [[BALAG]]
|Month
|
|
|-
|𒀀𒋛𒁺
|
|
|a47. ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''
|Heel
|"The heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
|-
|-
|𒀸𒃶
|𒀭𒁀𒈝
|
|
|a48. AŠ.GAN
|b05. [[BALUM|<sup>d</sup>''Balum'']]
|Mars
|
|
|See (Kurtik i04) [[IKU]]
|-
|-
|𒀸𒈨
|
|
|a49. [[AŠ.ME]]
|Sun, Saturn
|
|
|b06. <sup>giš</sup>BAN
|
|See  <sup>[[PAN|giš]]</sup>[[PAN]]
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|Aya
|b07. ''Barbaru''
|
|
|Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. <sup>d</sup>A-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.  
|See [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|-
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|
|b08. ''[[Bašmu]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|
|
|[[GAŠAN.TIN|''bēlet balāṭi'']]
|Lady of Life
|See [[GAŠAN.TIN|<sup>mul / d</sup>GAŠAN.TIN]]
|-
|-
|𒁉𒄊
|
|
|b09. [[BI.GIR3|BI.GIR<sub>3</sub>]]
|
|
|Baba
|
|
|<sup>d</sup>Ba-ba<sub>6</sub>, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associtated with the asterism of The Goat.
|-
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒅆
|𒁉𒅁𒁍
|
|
|b01. <sup>d</sup>BA.LIM
|b10. ''[[Bibbu]]''
|Planets; Wild Sheep
|
|
|Misreading, see (Kurtik b05) [[BALUM|<sup>d</sup>''Balum'']]
|-
|-
|𒄵
|
|
|b11. [[BIR]]
|The Kidney
|
|
|b02. BAL.ME.GAR
|
|Misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat]]
|-
|-
|𒁄𒌨𒀀
|𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣
|
|
|b03. [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ<sub>2</sub>.A]]
|b12. [[BURANUN]]
|Asterism of Dignity
|''Purattu'' "Euphrates"
|
|
|-
|-
|𒁆
|𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|
|b04. [[BALAG]]
|b13. [[BURRUM AN.NA]]
|The Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Buššānītu]]''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒈝
|
|
|b05. [[BALUM|<sup>d</sup>''Balum'']]
|Mars
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|b06. <sup>giš</sup>BAN
|
|
|See  <sup>[[PAN|giš]]</sup>[[PAN]]
|-
|-
|𒄑𒁕
|
|
|d01. [[DA|<sup>giš</sup>DA]]
|Bull's Jaw
|
|
|b07. ''Barbaru''
|
|See [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|-
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|
|b08. ''[[Bašmu]]''
|
|
|Damkianna
|
|
|< Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. <sup>d</sup>Dam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA.AN.NA]] (The Wagon of Heaven)
|-
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|𒀭𒁕𒈬
|
|d02. [[DAMU|<sup>d</sup>''Damu'']]
|The Pig
|
|
|[[GAŠAN.TIN|''bēlet balāṭi'']]
|Lady of Life
|See [[GAŠAN.TIN|<sup>mul / d</sup>GAŠAN.TIN]]
|-
|-
|𒁉𒄊
|𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡)
|
|b09. [[BI.GIR3|BI.GIR<sub>3</sub>]]
|
|
|d03. [[Dāpinu|<sup>d</sup>''Dāpinu'']]
|Jupiter; Marduk; Heroic, Military
|
|
|-
|-
|𒁉𒅁𒁍
|𒁯𒈗𒄷
|
|
|b10. ''[[Bibbu]]''
|d04. [[DAR.LUGAL|DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup>]]
|Planets; Wild Sheep
|Mars; Rooster
|
|
|-
|-
|𒄵
|𒁲
|
|
|b11. [[BIR]]
|d05. [[DI]]
|The Kidney
|Judgment, sentence
|
|
|-
|-
|𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣
|𒀸𒁁
|
|b12. [[BURANUN]]
|''Purattu'' "Euphrates"
|
|
|d06. ''[[Dilbat]]''
|Venus
|variant: DILI.BAT
|-
|-
|𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾
|𒀸
|
|
|b13. [[BURRUM AN.NA]]
|d07. [[DILI]]
|The Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven
|Single, unique, separate (star)
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙
|
|
|d08. DILI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub>
|
|
|''[[Buššānītu]]''
|merged with (d07) [[DILI]]
|-
|𒀭
|
|
|d09. [[DINGIR]]
|Deity designation
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍
|
|
|d10. [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup>]]
|Standing Gods
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍
|
|
|
|d11. [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A<sup>meš</sup>]]
|
|Sitting Gods
|variant: <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.TUŠ.A<sup>meš</sup>
|-
|-
|𒄑𒁕
|𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓
|
|d12. [[DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD|<sup>d</sup>DU.ŠE.E GUD.UD]]
|Mercury
|
|
|d01. [[DA|<sup>giš</sup>DA]]
|-
|Bull's Jaw
|𒀭𒌉𒍣
|
|
|d13. [[DUMU.ZI|<sup>d</sup>DUMU.ZI]]
|Agricultural dying-and-rising deity; Saturn; The Hired Man
|variant Tammuz.
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|Damkianna
|
|
|< Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. <sup>d</sup>Dam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA.AN.NA]] (The Great Wagon of Heaven)
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒈬
|
|
|d02. [[DAMU|<sup>d</sup>''Damu'']]
|The Pig
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡)
|𒂊𒁀𒂊
|
|
|d03. [[Dāpinu|<sup>d</sup>''Dāpinu'']]
|e01. ''E-pa''<sub>2</sub>-''e''
|Jupiter; Marduk; Heroic, Military
|one time use for Jupiter
|probably from ''Šul-pa<sub>2</sub>-e, see'' [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E<sub>3</sub>]]
|-
|𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍
|
|
|-
|e02. [[E-ra-ʼa-al-BU|''E-ra-ʼa-al''-BU]]
|𒁯𒈗𒄷
|
|
|d04. [[DAR.LUGAL|DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup>]]
|Mars; Rooster
|
|
|-
|-
|𒁲
|𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭
|
|
|d05. [[DI]]
|e03. [[E.TA.NAM.AN|<sup>d</sup>E.TA.NAM.AN]]
|Judgment, sentence
|Venus
|
|
|}
=== Page 2 (e04. <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>''-a'' to i15. ''is-lê)'' ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform  (NA)
! scope="col" style="width: 26%;" |Kurtik's terms
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|-
|𒀸𒁁
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|e04. [[E2-a|<sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>''-a'']]
|Water deity
|
|
|d06. ''[[Dilbat]]''
|Venus
|variant: DILI.BAT
|-
|-
|𒀸
|𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿
|
|d07. [[DILI]]
|Single, unique, separate (star)
|
|
|e05. [[Bīt sakkî|E<sub>2</sub> ''sak-ki-i'']]
|(Stars) ''bīt sakkî''
|read: (MUL.MEŠ) ''bīt sakkî''
|-
|-
|𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙
|𒂍𒉣𒇬
|
|
|d08. DILI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub>
|e06. [[E2.TUR3|E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>]]
|Enclosure, cattle pen
|
|
|merged with (d07) [[DILI]]
|-
|-
|𒀭
|𒂊𒁺
|
|
|d09. [[DINGIR]]
|e07. ''[[Ēdu]]''
|Deity designation
|Single, solitary, unique
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍
|𒉏𒈠𒌈
|
|d10. [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup>]]
|Standing Gods
|
|
|e08. ''[[Elamātum]]''
|Ištar, the Elamite-one
|Elamattu(m)
|-
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍
|𒄵𒇻𒅆
|
|
|d11. [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A<sup>meš</sup>]]
|ÉLLAG [[LU.LIM|<sup>mul</sup>LU.LIM]]
|Sitting Gods
|Stag
|variant: <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.TUŠ.A<sup>meš</sup>
|= ''kalītu'' “kidney”: see also [[LU.LIM|<sup>mul</sup>LU.LIM]].  
|-
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓
|𒂍𒆳
|
|
|d12. [[DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD|<sup>d</sup>DU.ŠE.E GUD.UD]]
|[[Ekur|Ekur (''E<sub>2</sub>-kur'')]]
|Mercury
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒌉𒍣
|
|
|d13. [[DUMU.ZI|<sup>d</sup>DUMU.ZI]]
|Agricultural dying-and-rising deity; Saturn; The Hired Man
|variant Tammuz.
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|[[EN3.DUR|EN<sub>3</sub>.DUR]]
|navel
|in constellations
* (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|<sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] and
* (Kurtik u22) [[UR.IDIM|<sup>mul</sup>UR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾
|
|
|
|e09. [[EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA]]
|Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
|
|
|-
|-
|𒂊𒁀𒂊
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|
|e01. ''E-pa''<sub>2</sub>-''e''
|[[E2-a|Enki/Ea]]
|one time use for Jupiter
|Water deity
|probably from ''Šul-pa<sub>2</sub>-e, see'' [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E<sub>3</sub>]]
|God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. <sup>d</sup>É-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
|-
|-
|𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍
|𒀭𒂗𒆤
|
|e02. [[E-ra-ʼa-al-BU|''E-ra-ʼa-al''-BU]]
|
|
|e10. [[En-lil2|<sup>d</sup>''En-lil'']]<sub>2</sub>
|Supreme deity
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭
|𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏
|
|
|e03. [[E.TA.NAM.AN|<sup>d</sup>E.TA.NAM.AN]]
|e11. [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|<sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]]
|Venus
|Primordial deity; Lord of all me
|
|
|}
=== Page 2 (e04. <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>''-a'' to i15. ''is-lê)'' ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform  (NA)
! scope="col" style="width: 26%;" |Kurtik's terms
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|𒀭𒂗𒀯
|
|
|e04. [[E2-a|<sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>''-a'']]
|e12. [[EN.MUL|<sup>d</sup>EN.MUL]]
|Water deity
|Primordial deity; Lord Star
|
|
|-
|-
|𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿
|𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|<sup>d</sup>EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
|
|
|e05. [[Bīt sakkî|E<sub>2</sub> ''sak-ki-i'']]
|(Stars) ''bīt sakkî''
|read: (MUL.MEŠ) ''bīt sakkî''
|-
|-
|𒂍𒉣𒇬
|𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|
|e06. [[E2.TUR3|E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>]]
|e13. *[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]]
|Enclosure, cattle pen
|
|
|EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read <sup>d</sup>EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
|-
|-
|𒂊𒁺
|
|
|e07. ''[[Ēdu]]''
|Single, solitary, unique
|
|
|-
|e14. ''Enzu''
|𒉏𒈠𒌈
|
|
|e08. ''[[Elamātum]]''
|see [[UZ3|UZ<sub>3</sub>]]
|Ištar, the Elamite-one
|Elamattu(m)
|-
|𒄵𒇻𒅆
|
|ÉLLAG [[LU.LIM|<sup>mul</sup>LU.LIM]]
|Stag
|= ''kalītu'' “kidney”: see also [[LU.LIM|<sup>mul</sup>LU.LIM]].
|-
|-
|𒂍𒆳
|
|
|[[Ekur|Ekur (''E<sub>2</sub>-kur'')]]
|
|
|e15. ''Epinnu''
|
|
|see [[APIN]]
|-
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲
|
|
|e16. [[Ereš-ki-gal|<sup>d</sup>''Ereš-ki-gal'']]
|Deity of the Underworld
|
|
|[[EN3.DUR|EN<sub>3</sub>.DUR]]
|navel
|in constellations (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|<sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] and (Kurtik u22) [[UR.IDIM|<sup>mul</sup>UR.IDIM]]
|-
|-
|𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾
|𒉣𒆠
|
|
|e09. [[EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA]]
|e17. ''[[Eridu]]''[[Eridu|<sup>ki</sup>]]
|Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|
|[[E2-a|Enki/Ea]]
|Water deity
|God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. <sup>d</sup>É-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
|-
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒆤
|𒂟
|
|
|e10. [[En-lil2|<sup>d</sup>''En-lil'']]<sub>2</sub>
|e18. [[ERIN2|ERIN<sub>2</sub>]]
|Supreme deity
|Yoke
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏
|𒂊𒋆𒄣
|
|
|e11. [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|<sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]]
|e19. ''[[MAR.GID2.DA|Eriqqu]]''
|Primordial deity; Lord of all me
|Wagon
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA|<sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA]]
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊
|
|
| ''[[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|Eriqqu ša šamê]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|<sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA AN.NA]]
|-
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒀯
|𒀭𒀴𒊏
|
|
|e12. [[EN.MUL|<sup>d</sup>EN.MUL]]
|e20. [[Erra|<sup>d</sup>''Erra'']]
|Primordial deity; Lord Star
|Deity of the Underworld; Fox
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲
|
|
|[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|<sup>d</sup>EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|e21. [[Erragal|<sup>d</sup>''Erragal'']]
|The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
|Great Erra
|
|
|-
|-
|𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|
|e13. *[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]]
|
|
|EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read <sup>d</sup>EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
|e22. [[Eru (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|e14. ''Enzu''
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|
|see [[UZ3|UZ<sub>3</sub>]]
|''[[TE8.mušen|Erû / Arû (Eagle)]]''
|Eagle
|Akkadian parallel with [[TE8.mušen|<sup>mul</sup>TE<sub>8</sub>/TI<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup>]] "Eagle"
|-
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒂔
|
|
|
|[[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|e15. ''Epinnu''
|Deity
|
|[[ERU (Goddess)]]
|see [[APIN]]
|-
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲
|
|
|e16. [[Ereš-ki-gal|<sup>d</sup>''Ereš-ki-gal'']]
|Deity of the Underworld
|
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|
|e17. ''[[Eridu]]''[[Eridu|<sup>ki</sup>]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|𒂟
|𒂵𒂵
|
|
|e18. [[ERIN2|ERIN<sub>2</sub>]]
|g01. ''[[Ga-ga]]''
|Yoke
|Mercury, Deity
|
|
|-
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣
|𒃮
|
|g02. [[GABA]]
|Breast
|
|
|e19. ''[[MAR.GID2.DA|Eriqqu]]''
|Wagon
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA|<sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA]]
|-
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊
|
|
| ''[[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|Eriqqu ša šamê]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|<sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏
|
|
|e20. [[Erra|<sup>d</sup>''Erra'']]
|g03. 4 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub>
|Deity of the Underworld; Fox
|
|
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲
|𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒
|
|
|e21. [[Erragal|<sup>d</sup>''Erragal'']]
|g04. [[GAL.A.RU.RU|<sup>d</sup>GAL.A.RU.RU]]
|Great Erra
|Venus
|
|
|-
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|
|g05. [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']]
|The Circle
|
|
|e22. [[Eru (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒆛
|
|
|g06. [[GAM3|GAM<sub>3</sub>]]
|The Crook
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|
|''[[TE8.mušen|Erû / Arû (Eagle)]]''
|Eagle
|Akkadian parallel with [[TE8.mušen|<sup>mul</sup>TE<sub>8</sub>/TI<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup>]] "Eagle"
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒂔
|
|
|[[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|g07. ''Gamlu''
|Deity
|
|[[ERU (Goddess)]]
|An Akkadian parallel to <sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub>(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)[[GAM3|GAM<sub>3</sub>]], merged.
|-
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|
|g08. <sup>[[GAN2.UR3|giš]]</sup>[[GAN2.UR3|GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>]]
|The Harrow
|
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|
|
|g09. [[GAŠAN.TIN]]
|The Lady of Life
|
|
|-
|-
|𒂵𒂵
|𒌉
|
|
|g01. ''[[Ga-ga]]''
|g10. [[GENNA]]
|Mercury, Deity
|Saturn; "Constant"
|
|
|-
|-
|𒃮
|𒄀𒄀
|
|
|g02. [[GABA]]
|g11. [[GI.GI]]
|Breast
|Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
|
|
|-
|-
|𒈪
|
|
|g12. [[GI6|GI<sub>6</sub>]]
|Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
|
|
|g03. 4 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub>
|
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|-
|𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒
|𒀭𒉈𒄀
|
|
|g04. [[GAL.A.RU.RU|<sup>d</sup>GAL.A.RU.RU]]
|g13. [[GIBIL6|<sup>d</sup>GIBIL<sub>6</sub>]]
|Venus
|Fire deity Girra, Mercury
|
|
|-
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|𒈪𒉭
|
|
|g05. [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']]
|g14. [[GIG]]
|The Circle
|Mars; "Disease"
|
|
|-
|-
|𒆛
|𒄑𒇀
|
|
|g06. [[GAM3|GAM<sub>3</sub>]]
|g15. [[GIGIR|<sup>giš</sup>GIGIR]]
|The Crook
|The Chariot
|
|
|-
|-
|𒄃𒈠
|
|
|g16. [[GILIM.MA]]
|The Furrow
|
|
|g07. ''Gamlu''
|-
|𒄈
|
|
|An Akkadian parallel to <sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub>(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)[[GAM3|GAM<sub>3</sub>]], merged.
|g17. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR<sub>2</sub>]]
|The Scorpion
|abbreviation for [[GIR2.TAB|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]]
|-
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|𒄈𒀭𒈾
|
|
|g08. <sup>[[GAN2.UR3|giš]]</sup>[[GAN2.UR3|GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>]]
|g18. [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR<sub>2</sub>.AN.NA]]
|The Harrow
|Heavenly Sword
|
|
|-
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|𒄈𒋰
|
|
|g09. [[GAŠAN.TIN]]
|g19. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]]
|The Lady of Life
|The Scorpion
|
|
|-
|-
|𒌉
|𒄊
|
|
|g10. [[GENNA]]
|g20. [[GIR3|GIR<sub>3</sub>]]
|Saturn; "Constant"
|Leg (Paw)
|
|
|-
|-
|𒄀𒄀
|
|
|g11. [[GI.GI]]
|Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
|
|
|[[Girra]]
|
|the fire god
|-
|-
|𒈪
|𒄑𒁇
|
|
|g12. [[GI6|GI<sub>6</sub>]]
|g21. [[GIŠ.BAR]]
|Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
|Mars; Mercury
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒉈𒄀
|𒄑𒂟
|
|
|g13. [[GIBIL6|<sup>d</sup>GIBIL<sub>6</sub>]]
|g22. [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN<sub>2</sub>]]
|Fire deity Girra, Mercury
|Yoke
|a late variant of [[ERIN2|ERIN<sub>2</sub>]]
|-
|
|
|-
|𒈪𒉭
|
|
|g14. [[GIG]]
|[[GAN2.UR3|GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR]]
|Mars; "Disease"
|
|
|=''maškakātu'' “harrow”. <sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
|-
|-
|𒄑𒇀
|𒄑𒆲
|
|
|g15. [[GIGIR|<sup>giš</sup>GIGIR]]
|g23. [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|The Chariot
|Thigh
|
|
|-
|-
|𒄃𒈠
|𒄑𒂟
|
|
|g16. [[GILIM.MA]]
|[[ERIN2|GIŠ.RIN<sub>2</sub>]]
|The Furrow
|Scales
|
|
|-
|-
|𒄈
|𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈
|
|
|g17. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR<sub>2</sub>]]
|g24. ''[[Gizzānītu]]''
|The Scorpion
|Enraged Goat (?)
|abbreviation for [[GIR2.TAB|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]]
|-
|𒄈𒀭𒈾
|
|g18. [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR<sub>2</sub>.AN.NA]]
|Heavenly Sword
|
|
|-
|-
|𒄈𒋰
|𒄖
|
|g19. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]]
|The Scorpion
|
|
|g25. [[GU.LA|GU]]
|Great, Giant
|late epoch abbreviation for [[GU.LA]]
|-
|-
|𒄊
|𒄖𒀭𒈾
|
|
|g20. [[GIR3|GIR<sub>3</sub>]]
|g26. GU.AN.NA
|Leg (Paw)
|
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA]], spelling variant
|-
|-
|𒄖𒆷
|
|
|g27. [[GU.LA]] or ''[[Gula]]''
|Healing deity; Great, Giant
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒄘𒀭𒈾
|
|
|[[Girra]]
|g28. GU<sub>2</sub>.AN.NA
|
|
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|-
|𒄑𒁇
|𒄘𒄬
|
|
|g21. [[GIŠ.BAR]]
|g29. [[GU2.ḪAL|GU<sub>2</sub>.ḪAL]]
|Mars; Mercury
|(Star) Throat
|
|
|-
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|𒄘𒄯
|
|g30. [[GU2.MUR|GU<sub>2</sub>.MUR]]
|Trachea, breathing throat (?)
|
|
|g22. [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN<sub>2</sub>]]
|Yoke
|a late variant of [[ERIN2|ERIN<sub>2</sub>]]
|-
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|
|GU<sub>3</sub>.AN.NA = KA.AN.NA
|
|
|[[GAN2.UR3|GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR]]
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|
|=''maškakātu'' “harrow”. <sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
|-
|-
|𒄑𒆲
|𒄞
|
|
|g23. [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|g31. GU<sub>4</sub>
|Thigh
|
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA]], abbreviation
|-
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|𒄞𒄋
|
|[[ERIN2|GIŠ.RIN<sub>2</sub>]]
|Scales
|
|
|g32. [[GU4.ALIM|GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM]]
|Buffalo
|= <sup>d</sup>''Kusarikku''
|-
|-
|𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈
|𒄞𒀭𒈾
|
|
|g24. ''[[Gizzānītu]]''
|g33. [[GU4.AN.NA|GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA]]
|Enraged Goat (?)
|The Heavenly Bull
|
|
|-
|-
|𒄖
|𒄞𒌓
|
|
|g25. [[GU.LA|GU]]
|g34. [[GU4.UD|GU<sub>4</sub>.UD]]
|Great, Giant
|Bull of the Sun
|late epoch abbreviation for [[GU.LA]]
|-
|𒄖𒀭𒈾
|
|
|g26. GU.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA]], spelling variant
|-
|-
|𒄖𒆷
|𒀭𒄖𒆷
|
|
|g27. [[GU.LA]] or ''[[Gula]]''
|g35. [[Gula|<sup>d</sup>''Gula'']]
|Healing deity; Great, Giant
|see:
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|-
|𒄘𒀭𒈾
|𒆸
|
|
|g28. GU<sub>2</sub>.AN.NA
|g36. GUR<sub>4</sub>
|
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|only one source (SpTU V 262 r 5, W23303/4, parallel in von Soldt, p. 70 I 7), an omen, which should now be read DIŠ 20 KUR-ma MUL.MU]L NIGIN<sub>2</sub> ... "If the 20 rises and a star(s) goes around ... ." So NIGIN<sub>2</sub> (=GUR<sub>4</sub>) does not exist as a star name.  
|-
|-
|𒄘𒄬
|
|
|g29. [[GU2.ḪAL|GU<sub>2</sub>.ḪAL]]
|(Star) Throat
|
|
|-
|𒄘𒄯
|
|
|g30. [[GU2.MUR|GU<sub>2</sub>.MUR]]
|
|Trachea, breathing throat (?)
|
|
|-
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡
|
|
|GU<sub>3</sub>.AN.NA = KA.AN.NA
|h01. ''[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Ḫabaṣīrānu]]''
|The Mousey One
|Akkadian equivalent for the [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|-
|𒆸𒁀𒌈
|
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|h02. ''[[SA.GAZ|Ḫabbātu]]''
|Bandit/Outlaw
|Akkadian equivalent for [[SA.GAZ|<sup>mul lú</sup>SA.GAZ]]
|-
|-
|𒄞
|𒀭𒈗
|
|
|g31. GU<sub>4</sub>
|h03. [[Ḫaniš|<sup>d</sup>''Ḫaniš'']]
|Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
|
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA]], abbreviation
|-
|-
|𒄞𒄋
|𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒
|
|h04. [[Ḫar-ri-ru|<sup>d</sup>''Ḫar-ri-ru'']]
|Field Mouse
|
|
|g32. [[GU4.ALIM|GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM]]
|Buffalo
|= <sup>d</sup>''Kusarikku''
|-
|-
|𒄞𒀭𒈾
|𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀
|
|
|g33. [[GU4.AN.NA|GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA]]
|h05. [[ḪE2.GAL2-a-a|ḪE<sub>2</sub>.GAL<sub>2</sub>-''a-a'']]
|The Heavenly Bull
|The Asterism of Abundance
|
|
|-
|-
|𒄞𒌓
|𒋦𒈧
|
|
|g34. [[GU4.UD|GU<sub>4</sub>.UD]]
|h06. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ<sub>2</sub>.ḪA]]
|Bull of the Sun
|The Goat-Fish
|redirect [[ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ<sub>2</sub>.ḪA]]  to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub>]]
|-
|𒄷𒉏
|
|h07. [[ḪU.NIM]]
|
|
|misreading
|-
|-
|𒀭𒄖𒆷
|𒅆𒌨
|
|h08. [[ḪUL]]
|Mars; The Evil Star
|
|
|g35. [[Gula|<sup>d</sup>''Gula'']]
|see:
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|-
|𒆸
|𒈝𒁀
|
|
|g36. [[GUR4|GUR<sub>4</sub>]]
|h09. [[ḪUM.BA]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|𒂠
|
|
|h10. ḪUN
|
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]]
|-
|𒂠𒂷
|
|
|h11. ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>
|
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]]
|-
|𒇽𒂠𒂷
|
|
|-
|h12. [[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lu<sub>2</sub></sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]]
|𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡
|The Hired Man
|
|
|h01. ''[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Ḫabaṣīrānu]]''
|The Mousey One
|Akkadian equivalent for the [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|-
|-
|𒆸𒁀𒌈
|
|
|h02. ''[[SA.GAZ|Ḫabbātu]]''
|Bandit/Outlaw
|Akkadian equivalent for [[SA.GAZ|<sup>mul lú</sup>SA.GAZ]]
|-
|𒀭𒈗
|
|
|h03. [[Ḫaniš|<sup>d</sup>''Ḫaniš'']]
|Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒
|
|
|h04. [[Ḫar-ri-ru|<sup>d</sup>''Ḫar-ri-ru'']]
|Field Mouse
|
|
|-
|-
|𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀
|𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥
|
|
|h05. [[ḪE2.GAL2-a-a|ḪE<sub>2</sub>.GAL<sub>2</sub>-''a-a'']]
|i01. [[I3-li2-ab-rat|''I''<sub>3</sub>''-li''<sub>2</sub>''-ab-rat'']]
|The Asterism of Abundance
|Deity
|
|
|-
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤
|
|
|h06. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ<sub>2</sub>.ḪA]]
|i02. [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E<sub>2</sub>.MAḪ]]
|The Goat-Fish
|redirect [[ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ<sub>2</sub>.ḪA]]  to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub>]]
|-
|𒄷𒉏
|
|h07. [[ḪU.NIM]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|𒅆𒌨
|𒈦𒄘𒃼
|
|
|h08. [[ḪUL]]
|i03. [[IDIGNA]]
|Mars; The Evil Star
|Tigris River
|
|
|-
|-
|𒈝𒁀
|𒃷
|
|h09. [[ḪUM.BA]]
|
|
|i04. [[AŠ.GAN|IKU, ''Ikû'']]
|The Field
|Akkadian parallel to <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|-
|𒄿𒇻𒌝
|
|
|i05. ''[[DINGIR|Ilum]]''
|Deity logogram
|as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]].
|-
|-
|𒂠
|𒀭𒅎
|
|
|h10. ḪUN
|i06. [[IM|<sup>d</sup>IM]]
|Storm Deity
|
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]]
|-
|-
|𒂠𒂷
|𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷
|
|
|h11. ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>
|i07. [[IM.DUGUDmušen|<sup>d</sup>IM.DUGUD<sup>mušen</sup>]]
|(Bird) Anzû
|
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]]
|-
|-
|𒇽𒂠𒂷
|𒅎𒄀
|
|
|h12. [[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lu<sub>2</sub></sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]]
|i08. [[IM.GI]]
|The Hired Man
|Mars
|
|
|-
|-
|𒅎𒋀
|
|
|i09. [[IM.ŠEŠ]]
|The Rainbow
|
|
|-
|𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾
|
|
|
|i10. [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|The Furnace
|
|
|-
|-
|𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥
|𒀭𒅓𒁉
|
|
|i01. [[I3-li2-ab-rat|''I''<sub>3</sub>''-li''<sub>2</sub>''-ab-rat'']]
|i11. [[IMIN.BI|<sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI]]
|Deity
|The Seven Gods
|
|
|-
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤
|𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾
|
|
|i02. [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E<sub>2</sub>.MAḪ]]
|i12. [[IN.DUB.AN.NA]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼
|𒀭𒈹
|
|i03. [[IDIGNA]]
|
|
|i13. [[INANNA|<sup>d</sup>INANNA]]
|Deity
|
|
|-
|-
|𒃷
|𒅕𒁁𒅋
|
|
|i04. [[AŠ.GAN|IKU, ''Ikû'']]
|i14. [[IR.BI4.IL|IR.BI<sub>4</sub>.IL]]
|The Field
|Mars
|Akkadian parallel to <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|-
|𒄿𒇻𒌝
|
|
|i05. ''[[DINGIR|Ilum]]''
|Deity logogram
|as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]].
|-
|-
|𒀭𒅎
|𒄑𒇷
|
|
|i06. [[IM|<sup>d</sup>IM]]
|i15. ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'' <sup> </sup>
|Storm Deity
|Jaw [of the Bull of Heaven]
|
|
|-
|}
|𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷
 
|
=== Page 3 (i16. ''Iṣṣuru'' to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ<sub>2</sub>.DA) ===
|i07. [[IM.DUGUDmušen|<sup>d</sup>IM.DUGUD<sup>mušen</sup>]]
{| class="wikitable"
|(Bird) Anzû
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform  (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒄑𒍮𒊒
|
|
|i16. ''[[Iṣṣuru]]''
|The Bird
|merged into (Kurtik m46) [[MUŠEN]]
|-
|-
|𒅎𒄀
|𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏
|
|
|i08. [[IM.GI]]
|i17. [[Išḫara|<sup>d</sup>''Išḫara'']]
|Mars
|Scorpius
|
|
|-
|-
|𒅎𒋀
|
|
|i09. [[IM.ŠEŠ]]
|The Rainbow
|
|
|[[IM|Iškur / Adad]]
|Storm Deity
|The storm god. <sup>d</sup>IŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
|-
|-
|𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾
|𒀭𒅖𒋻
|
|
|i10. [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|i18. [[Ištar|<sup>d</sup>''Ištar'']]
|The Furnace
|Venus; Deity
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒅓𒁉
|𒀭𒃰𒁲
|
|
|i11. [[IMIN.BI|<sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI]]
|i19. [[Ištaran|<sup>d</sup>''Ištaran'']]
|The Seven Gods
|Deity; The Snake
|
|
|-
|-
|𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾
|
|
|i12. [[IN.DUB.AN.NA]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒈹
|𒅗
|
|
|i13. [[INANNA|<sup>d</sup>INANNA]]
|k01. [[KA]]
|Deity
|The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
|
|
|-
|-
|𒅕𒁁𒅋
|𒅗𒀭𒂃
|
|
|i14. [[IR.BI4.IL|IR.BI<sub>4</sub>.IL]]
|k02. [[KA.AN.DU8|KA.AN.DU<sub>8</sub>]]
|Mars
|Portable Altar
|
|
|-
|-
|𒄑𒇷
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|
|i15. ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'' <sup> </sup>
|k03. [[KA.AN.NA|*KA.AN.NA]]
|Jaw [of the Bull of Heaven]
|
|
|}
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
 
=== Page 3 (i16. ''Iṣṣuru'' to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ<sub>2</sub>.DA) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform  (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|-
|𒄑𒍮𒊒
|𒅗𒆟
|
|k04. [[KA.KEŠ2|KA.KEŠ<sub>2</sub>]]
|The Knot
|
|
|i16. ''[[Iṣṣuru]]''
|The Bird
|merged into (Kurtik m46) [[MUŠEN]]
|-
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏
|𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊
|
|i17. [[Išḫara|<sup>d</sup>''Išḫara'']]
|Scorpius
|
|
|k05. *[[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I<sub>3</sub>.KU<sub>2</sub>.E]]
|Obliterator
|merged into [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I<sub>3</sub>.GU<sub>7</sub>.E]]
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|[[IM|Iškur / Adad]]
|[[KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU<sub>7</sub>.E]]
|Storm Deity
|The storm god. <sup>d</sup>IŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒋻
|
|
|i18. [[Ištar|<sup>d</sup>''Ištar'']]
|Venus; Deity
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒃰𒁲
|𒈜𒀀
|
|
|i19. [[Ištaran|<sup>d</sup>''Ištaran'']]
|k06. [[KA5.A|KA<sub>5</sub>.A]]
|Deity; The Snake
|The Fox
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒆏𒋫
|
|
|k07. [[KAB.TA|<sup>d</sup>KAB.TA]]
|Deity
|
|
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|
|k08. ''[[Kayyamānu(m)|*Kajjamānu]]''
|
|
|
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu;'' now read ''Kayyamānu(m)''
|-
|-
|𒅗
|𒆕𒉼
|
|
|k01. [[KA]]
|k09. [[KAK.BAN]]
|The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
|The Arrow
|
|
|-
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒂃
|𒆕𒋛𒁲
|
|
|k02. [[KA.AN.DU8|KA.AN.DU<sub>8</sub>]]
|k10. [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]]
|Portable Altar
|(Types of) Arrow
|
|
|-
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵
|
|
|k03. [[KA.AN.NA|*KA.AN.NA]]
|k11. *[[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U<sub>2</sub>.TAG.GA]]
|Arrow
|now read [[KAK.TAG.GA]]
|-
|𒆕𒅗𒁍
|
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|k12. ''[[Kakkabu]]''
|Star, Luminary
|merged into [[MUL]]
|-
|-
|𒅗𒆟
|𒌨𒂠
|
|k04. [[KA.KEŠ2|KA.KEŠ<sub>2</sub>]]
|The Knot
|
|
|k13. ''[[UR.GI7|Kalbu]]''
|The Dog
|Merged into [[UR.GI7|UR.GI<sub>7</sub>]]
|-
|-
|𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊
|𒅗𒇷𒌅
|
|
|k05. *[[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I<sub>3</sub>.KU<sub>2</sub>.E]]
|k14. ''[[BIR|Kalītu]]''
|Obliterator
|The Kidney
|merged into [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I<sub>3</sub>.GU<sub>7</sub>.E]]
|Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must  check together
|-
|-
|𒆗𒉈
|
|
|k15. [[KAL.NE]]
|
|
|[[KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU<sub>7</sub>.E]]
|
|
|-
|𒃸𒂄
|
|
|-
|k16. [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR<sub>2</sub>.ŠUL]]
|𒈜𒀀
|
|
|k06. [[KA5.A|KA<sub>5</sub>.A]]
|The Fox
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒆏𒋫
|𒆜𒌓
|
|k07. [[KAB.TA|<sup>d</sup>KAB.TA]]
|Deity
|
|
|k17. [[KASKAL.UTU|KASKAL.UD]]
|The Path of the Sun
|Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
|-
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|
|k08. ''[[Kayyamānu(m)|*Kajjamānu]]''
|''[[Kayyamānu(m)|Kayyamānu]]''
|
|The Constant One
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu;'' now read ''Kayyamānu(m)''
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu''
|-
|-
|𒆕𒉼
|𒆥𒍮
|
|
|k09. [[KAK.BAN]]
|k18. ''[[Kinṣu]]''
|The Arrow
|Knee, shin
|
|
|-
|-
|𒆕𒋛𒁲
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|
|k10. [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]]
|k19. ''[[GAM-ti|Kippatu]]''
|(Types of) Arrow
|The Circle
|merged into the entry GAM-''ti''
|-
|
|
|[[KIR4|KIR<sub>4</sub>]]
|Hyena
|
|
|-
|-
|𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵
|𒆠𒄑𒀸
|
|
|k11. *[[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U<sub>2</sub>.TAG.GA]]
|k20. ''[[Kiṣru]]''
|Arrow
|Lamp, knot, cluster
|now read [[KAK.TAG.GA]]
|-
|𒆕𒅗𒁍
|
|
|k12. ''[[Kakkabu]]''
|Star, Luminary
|merged into [[MUL]]
|-
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|𒈩
|
|
|k13. ''[[UR.GI7|Kalbu]]''
|k21. [[KIŠIB]]     
|The Dog
|Hand
|Merged into [[UR.GI7|UR.GI<sub>7</sub>]]
|-
|𒅗𒇷𒌅
|
|
|k14. ''[[BIR|Kalītu]]''
|The Kidney
|Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must  check together
|-
|-
|𒆗𒉈
|𒆤𒌓
|
|k15. [[KAL.NE]]
|
|
|k22. ''[[Kittu]]''
|Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
|
|
|-
|-
|𒃸𒂄
|𒆪𒊒𒈾
|
|k16. [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR<sub>2</sub>.ŠUL]]
|
|
|k23. *KU.RU.NA
|
|
|To be read [[Andurunna]] - cosmic region and divine name - see Horowitz MCG 225
|-
|-
|𒆜𒌓
|𒄩
|
|
|k17. [[KASKAL.UTU|KASKAL.UD]]
|k24. [[KU6|KU<sub>6</sub>]]
|The Path of the Sun
|The Fish
|Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|
|''[[Kayyamānu(m)|Kayyamānu]]''
|The Constant One
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu''
|-
|-
|𒆥𒍮
|𒆪𒈠𒊒
|
|
|k18. ''[[Kinṣu]]''
|k25. ''[[Kumāru]]  ''
|Knee, shin
|Shoulder
|
|
|-
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|𒆲
|
|
|k19. ''[[GAM-ti|Kippatu]]''
|k26. [[KUN]]
|The Circle
|Tail
|merged into the entry GAM-''ti''
|part of constellations such as Swallow and Anunitu
|-
|-
|𒆠𒄑𒀸
|𒆲𒈨𒌍  𒋆𒈤
|
|k20. ''[[Kiṣru]]''
|Lamp, knot, cluster
|
|
|k27. [[KUN|KUN<sup>me(š)</sup>]] ša [[SIM.MAḪ|<sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ]]
|Tails of the Swallow
|constellation in Pisces,
merged into (Kurtik k26) [[KUN]]
|-
|-
|𒈩
|𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷
|
|
|k21. [[KIŠIB]]     
|k28. [[KUR.GI.A|KUR.GI.A<sup>mušen</sup>]]
|Hand
|Chicken
|
|
|-
|-
|𒆤𒌓
|𒇽𒉽𒊏
|
|k29. [[KUR2.RA|<sup>lu<sub>2</sub></sup>KUR<sub>2</sub>.RA]]
|Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
|
|
|k22. ''[[Kittu]]''
|-
|Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
|𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪
|
|
|k30. [[GU4.ALIM|<sup>d</sup>''Kusarikkum'']]
|Buffalo
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[GU4.ALIM|GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM]] (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
|-
|-
|𒆪𒊒𒈾
|
|
|k23. [[KU.RU.NA|*KU.RU.NA]]
|
|
|now read [[Andurunna]]
|Kusu
|
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. <sup>d</sup>Kù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
|-
|-
|𒄩
|𒆵
|
|
|k24. [[KU6|KU<sub>6</sub>]]
|k31. [[KUŠU2|KUŠU<sub>2</sub>]]
|The Fish
|Water animal
|
|
|-
|-
|𒆪𒈠𒊒
|
|
|k25. ''[[Kumāru]]  ''
|Shoulder
|
|
|-
|𒆲
|
|
|k26. [[KUN]]
|
|Tail
|
|part of constellations such as Swallow and Anunitu
|-
|-
|𒆲𒈨𒌍  𒋆𒈤
|𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|L01. [[La ŠID.MEŠ|''la'' ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
|
|
|k27. [[KUN|KUN<sup>me(š)</sup>]] ša [[SIM.MAḪ|<sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ]]
|Tails of the Swallow
|constellation in Pisces,
merged into (Kurtik k26) [[KUN]]
|-
|-
|𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷
|𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺
|
|k28. [[KUR.GI.A|KUR.GI.A<sup>mušen</sup>]]
|Chicken
|
|
|L02. <sup>d</sup>LA.KU.DU
|Mercury
|read <sup>mul</sup>''šu!-ku-du'', i.e. 'The Arrow' = Mercury, merged into [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]]
|-
|-
|𒇽𒉽𒊏
|𒀭𒆗
|
|
|k29. [[KUR2.RA|<sup>lu<sub>2</sub></sup>KUR<sub>2</sub>.RA]]
|L03. [[LAMMA|<sup>d</sup>LAMMA]]
|Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
|The She-Goat
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪
|<s>𒇴𒈬</s>
|
|k30. [[GU4.ALIM|<sup>d</sup>''Kusarikkum'']]
|Bison
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[GU4.ALIM|GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM]] (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
|-
|
|
|L04. ''[[Lammu]]''
|
|
|Kusu
|
|
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. <sup>d</sup>Kù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
|-
|-
|𒆵
|𒀭𒆷𒋫
|
|
|k31. [[KUŠU2|KUŠU<sub>2</sub>]]
|L05. [[Lātarāk|<sup>d</sup>''Lātarāk'']]
|Water animal
|The Lion
|
|
|-
|-
|𒇷𒄙
|
|
|L06. *LI.DUR
|Navel
|now read [[LI.DUR]]
|-
|𒉈𒋜
|
|
|L07. [[LI9.SI4|<sup>d</sup>LI<sub>9</sub>.SI<sub>4</sub>]] , Lisi(n)
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒇻
|
|
|L08. LU
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lu<sub>2</sub></sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]]
|-
|-
|𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍
|𒇻𒅆
|
|
|L01. [[La ŠID.MEŠ|''la'' ŠID.MEŠ]]
|L09. [[LU.LIM]]
|Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
|Stag
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺
|𒇻𒈦
|
|
|L02. [[LA.KU.DU|<sup>d</sup>LA.KU.DU]]
|L10. [[LU.MAŠ]]
|Mercury
|Constellation
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒆗
|𒇽
|
|L03. [[LAMMA|<sup>d</sup>LAMMA]]
|The She-Goat
|
|
|L11. LU<sub>2</sub>
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lu<sub>2</sub></sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]]
|-
|-
|<s>𒇴𒈬</s>
|𒀭𒇽𒋭
|
|L04. ''[[Lammu]]''
|
|
|L12. [[LU2.LAL3|<sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub>]]
|Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒋫
|𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈
|
|
|L05. [[Lātarāk|<sup>d</sup>''Lātarāk'']]
|L13. ''[[Lubuštum]]''
|The Lion
|(Asterism) Garment
|
|
|-
|-
|𒇷𒄙
|𒈗
|
|L14. [[LUGAL]]
|King
|
|
|L06. *LI.DUR
|Navel
|now read [[LI.DUR]]
|-
|-
|𒉈𒋜
|𒈗𒂍𒃲
|
|L07. [[LI9.SI4|<sup>d</sup>LI<sub>9</sub>.SI<sub>4</sub>]] , Lisi(n)
|
|
|L15. [[LUGAL.E2.GAL|LUGAL.E<sub>2</sub>.GAL]]
|King of the Palace
|
|
|-
|-
|𒇻
|𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏
|
|
|L08. [[LU]]
|L16. [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|<sup>d</sup>LUGAL.GIR<sub>3</sub>.RA]]
|Hired Man (Aries)
|Mighty Lord
|
|
|-
|-
|𒇻𒅆
|
|
|L09. [[LU.LIM]]
|Stag
|
|
|-
|LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ
|𒇻𒈦
|
|L10. [[LU.MAŠ]]
|Constellation
|
|
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]]
|-
|-
|𒇽
|𒈜𒆷
|
|
|L11. [[LU2|LU<sub>2</sub>]]
|L17. [[LUL.LA]]
|Hired Man (Aries)
|False (Lying) Star
|
|
|-
|-
|𒀭𒇽𒋭
|𒇻𒇷𒈬
|
|L12. [[LU2.LAL3|<sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub>]]
|Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
|
|
|L18. ''[[Lulīmu]]''
|Stag
|see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
|-
|-
|𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈
|𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗)
|
|
|L13. ''[[Lubuštum]]''
|L19. ''[[Lumāšu]]''
|(Asterism) Garment
|Constellation
|
|
|-
|-
|𒈗
|𒇻𒁾𒉡
|
|
|L14. [[LUGAL]]
|L20. ''[[Lumnu]]''
|King
|Evil Star
|
|
|-
|-
|𒈗𒂍𒃲
|
|
|L15. [[LUGAL.E2.GAL|LUGAL.E<sub>2</sub>.GAL]]
|King of the Palace
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏
|
|
|L16. [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|<sup>d</sup>LUGAL.GIR<sub>3</sub>.RA]]
|
|Mighty Lord
|
|
|-
|-
|𒈣𒋽
|
|
|m01. [[MA2.GUR8|MA<sub>2</sub>.GUR<sub>8</sub>]]
|Ship, Vessel
|
|
|LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ
|
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]]
|-
|-
|𒈜𒆷
|𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵
|
|
|L17. [[LUL.LA]]
|m02. [[MA2.DIRI.GA|<sup>giš</sup>MA<sub>2</sub>.DIRI.GA]]
|False (Lying) Star
|Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
|
|-
|𒇻𒇷𒈬
|
|L18. ''[[Lulīmu]]''
|Stag
|see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
|-
|𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗)
|
|L19. ''[[Lumāšu]]''
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇻𒁾𒉡
|
|L20. ''[[Lumnu]]''
|Evil Star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈣𒋽
|
|m01. [[MA2.GUR8|MA<sub>2</sub>.GUR<sub>8</sub>]]
|Ship, Vessel
|
|-
|𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵
|
|m02. [[MA2.DIRI.GA|<sup>giš</sup>MA<sub>2</sub>.DIRI.GA]]
|Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,804: Line 1,696:
|
|
|m19. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI-''it'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|m19. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI-''it'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|Twins, which (stand) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu
|Twins, which (stand) opposite to the Faithful Shepherd of Anu
|
|
|-
|-
Line 2,244: Line 2,136:
|
|
|-
|-
|(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛
|
|
|[[NIN.SAR|Nin-nisig]]
|
|
|-
|(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛
|
|
|n39. [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|<sup>d</sup>NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]]
|n39. [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|<sup>d</sup>NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]]
Line 2,254: Line 2,152:
|n40. [[NIN.SAR]]
|n40. [[NIN.SAR]]
|Deity
|Deity
|
|should now be read <sup>mul / d</sup>Nin-nisig
|-
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜
|𒊩𒌆𒋜
Line 2,502: Line 2,400:
|𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷
|𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|
|s06. [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]
|s06. SAG.DU <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA
|Lion's head
|Lion's head
|? to UR.GU.LA
|merged into (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|-
|𒊕𒆕𒀀
|𒊕𒆕𒀀
Line 2,604: Line 2,502:
|𒉺𒇻
|𒉺𒇻
|
|
|s21. [[SIPA]]
|s21. SIPA
|True Shepherd of Anu
|Faithful Shepherd of Anu
|
|merged into (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|-
|𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|
|s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|True Shepherd of Heaven
|Faithful Shepherd of Heaven
|
|
|-
|-
Line 2,622: Line 2,520:
|𒋦
|𒋦
|
|
|s23. [[SUḪUR]]
|s23. SUḪUR
|Goat-Fish
|Goat-Fish
|
|merged into (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub> <sup>ku<sub>6</sub></sup>]]
|-
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|𒋦𒈧
Line 2,784: Line 2,682:
|
|
|
|
|''šubtu''
|''[[šubtu]]''
|
|
|“seat”, “throne”. ''šu-bat'' <sup>d</sup>A-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). ''šu-bat'' <sup>d</sup>É-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
|“seat”, “throne”. ''šu-bat'' <sup>d</sup>A-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). ''šu-bat'' <sup>d</sup>É-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
Line 2,833: Line 2,731:
|
|
|sh22. [[ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU|ŠUDUN.IM.U<sub>18</sub>.LU]]
|sh22. [[ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU|ŠUDUN.IM.U<sub>18</sub>.LU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|<sup>mul</sup>[[ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MA|ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MA<sup>ki</sup>]]
|
|
|
|
Line 2,868: Line 2,772:
|
|
|
|
|t01. ''Tak-ša''<sub>2</sub>''-a-ti'' / ''tu''<sub>2</sub>
|t01. [[Tak-ša2-a-ti|''Tak-ša''<sub>2</sub>''-a-tu<sub>2</sub>'']]
|
|
|
|
Line 2,892: Line 2,796:
|𒋾𒉡𒊒
|𒋾𒉡𒊒
|
|
|t04. ''[[Tinūru]]''
|t04. ''Tinūru''
|Furnace
|Furnace
|
|see (Kurtik i09) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|-
|-
|𒌁𒀭𒈾
|𒌁𒀭𒈾
Line 2,954: Line 2,858:
|u01. [[U.RI.RI]]
|u01. [[U.RI.RI]]
|Mercury
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|[[U2.GE.E|U<sub>2</sub>.GE.E]]
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 2,988: Line 2,898:


=== Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. ''Zuqaqīpu'') ===
=== Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. ''Zuqaqīpu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
!cuneiform
!cuneiform
(OB)
(OB)
!cuneiform  (NA)
!cuneiform  (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|-
|𒇻𒁁
|𒇻𒁁
|
|
|u07. [[UDU.IDIM]]
|u07. [[UDU.IDIM]]
|Mars, Mercury, Saturn; Wild sheep
|Mars, Mercury, Saturn; Wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|u08. [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU<sub>4</sub>.UD]]
|Mercury; Leaping wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑
|
|u09. [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Wild sheep (moving on) steadily, Permanent planet
|
|-
|𒇻𒀴
|
|u10. [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>]]
|Star-Lamb
|
|-
|𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷
|
|u11. [[UGA|UGA<sup>mušen</sup>]]
|Raven
|
|
|-
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|
|u08. [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU<sub>4</sub>.UD]]
|Mercury; Leaping wild sheep
|
|
|-
|[[UG5.GA|UG<sub>5</sub>.GA]]
|𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑
|Mars, Raven<sup>?</sup>  
|
|u09. [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Wild sheep (moving on) steadily, Permanent planet
|
|-
|𒇻𒀴
|
|u10. [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA<sub>2</sub>]]
|Star-Lamb
|
|-
|𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷
|
|u11. [[UGA|UGA<sup>mušen</sup>]]
|Raven
|
|
|-
|-
Line 3,119: Line 3,035:
|𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾
|𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|
|u26. [[Ur-um AN.NA|''Ur-um'' AN.NA]]
|u26. ''Ur-um'' AN.NA
|Celestial Light
|Celestial Light
|
|see (Kurtik b13) [[BURRUM AN.NA|BURRUM]] [[BURRUM AN.NA|AN.NA]]
|-
|-
|𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖
|𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖
Line 3,186: Line 3,102:
|𒍣
|𒍣
|
|
|z06. [[ZI]]
|z06. ZI
|
|
|
|see [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|-
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾
|𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾
Line 3,210: Line 3,126:
|𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈
|𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈
|
|
|z10. ''[[Zibānītum]]''
|z10. ''Zibānītum''
|Saturn, Mercury, Mars
|Balance
|
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|-
|-
|𒍨𒁍
|𒍨𒁍
Line 3,222: Line 3,138:
|𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍
|𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍
|
|
|z12. ''[[Zuqaqīpu]]''
|z12. ''Zuqaqīpu''
|Scorpius
|Scorpius
|
|see [[GIR2.TAB|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]]
|}
|}


Line 3,238: Line 3,154:
[[Category:Service]]
[[Category:Service]]
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]

Latest revision as of 19:02, 2 August 2026

Authors: Susanne M Hoffmann, Gennady E. Kurtik, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Manfred Krebernik, Jan Safford, Wayne Horowitz, Youla Azkarrula, Roland Laffitte, Hermann Hunger

Cite as: Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, online in the IAU-All Skies Encyclopaedia (2021-202x).

Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BCE

Please note some Technical Remarks on the Assyriology, some translations changed from the common ones and some technical terms we use here to reconcile Assyriological and other philologies' habits in historical and cultural astronomy.

Introduction

This dictionary is in a preliminary state (a beta-version). We are still in the process of editing, regularizing technical details such as citation issues, and selecting illustrations. Nonetheless, even in this incomplete form the Planetarium Babylonicum is already the most complete reference work available for Mesopotamian sky-names. Please feel free to make use of our data as is, bearing in mind that you are using unfinished/ incomplete version which often undergoes changes on a daily basis. We hope for completion of a preliminary alpha-version by 2027.

We thank G. Kurtik and his family for providing his updated materials from Kurtik 2007 for inclusion in this more comprehensive product. We translated his unfinished manuscript to English, relaced many of his non-standard Assyriological abbreviations, titles, translations, hyperlinked all (or most of) the references and are still updating his (largely outdated or indistinguished) astronomical identifications which is a research project on its own within this corpus. Still, some information is missing, as Kurtik passed away while working on it: so, we also try to reconstruct what he had in mind. For now, the beta-version still is undergoing some sorting and restructuring of the Assyriological material. The alpha-version will be more in line with contemporary standards. Likewise, we are still in the process of regularizing transliteration of Sumerian and Akkadian texts and seeking the most appropriate possible font for presenting cuneiform signs.

Pronunciation

The oldest cuneiform language is Sumerian. It was originally spoken in Southern Mesopotamia, where the cuneiform script was created about 3300 BCE. Sumerian as a spoken language was supplanted by Akkadian around 2000 BCE, but it continued to be used as a sacred and literary language and was taught in scribal training until the end of the cuneiform culture in the 1st century CE. Akkadian, with its main dialects Babylonian and Assyrian, belongs to the Semitic language family. Its pronunciation can therefore be reconstructed relatively well. Sumerian, on the other hand, is an isolated language whose pronunciation we are less able to reconstruct accurately. The phonemic systems of the two languages differed considerably.

Generally speaking (for the public): As Sumerian and Akkadian coexisted for millennia, some pronunciations are well reconstructed (from Akkadian) and some are uncertain, as we have no direct means of being certain as to their exact pronunciations or to dialectical differences in either language. Two names illustrate this difficulty: lu2.hun.ga2 and pa.bil2.sag (sometimes spelt pa.bil2.saĝ). Each shows a nasalized g (hunga and sang). Hence, the resumption of the nasalized ga2 rather than ga1 (here g as in goat) for lu2.hun.ga2, and pa.bil.sag with nasalized g as in Sumerian hur.sag (mountain range) = Akkadian hurshannu or variants of the name of the Temple of Marduk in Babylon esagil/ esangil.

More specifically: There is a standardized scholarly transcription system for cuneiform. Its most important features are:

  1. Individual cuneiform characters are separated by “.” or ".-”. Syllabic values (syllabograms) are written in lowercase and connected by “-": kak-ka-bu-um or ka-ak-ka-bu-um for /kakkabum/ “star.”
  2. Word signs (logograms) are generally rendered in uppercase letters and/or spaced.
  3. So-called “determinatives” — that is, signs that indicate a word’s semantic class but are not pronounced (e.g.,  prefixed mul for stars or suffixed ki for places) — are written in superscript or separated by a period.
  4. Cuneiform characters with the same phonetic value are distinguished by index numbers, whereby the acute accent may be used instead of “2” and the grave accent instead of “3”; thus, lu, lu2 = lú, lu3 = lù, lu4, lu5, etc. represent different cuneiform signs with the pronunciation /lu/. A typical phoneme in Sumerian  was a velar (and presumably also labialized) nasal, which is scientifically transliterated as ĝ or ŋ, but is rendered more popularly as ng. For example, the Sumerian name for “Aries” can appear as lu2.hun.ga2 or (more accurately) lu2.huĝ3-ĝa2 or Luhunga.

Typical phonemes of Akkadian appear in scientific transliterations as q (glottalized k), ṭ (glottalized t), ṣ (glottalized ts), š (English sh). Long vowels are expressed by a macron (ā), contracted (long) vowels by a cirkumflex (â).

Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven

This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:

  • Kurtik, G. (2007):
    • Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил
    • [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies],
    • Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.

The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik. The terms we added bear no numbers.

Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN)

cuneiform

(OB)

cuneiform (NA) Kurtik's term English Our notes
𒀀 a01. A Abbreviation for UR.GU.LA Merged into UR.GU.LA
𒀀𒂔 a02. A.EDIN A goddess Redirect to Erua
𒀭𒀀𒆪 a03. dA.KU Moon Redirect to A.GI7
𒀉𒄷 a04. A2mušen The Eagle Redirect to TE8mušen
𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵 a05. A2.GU2.ZI.GA 𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵 Venus; (Star) of the morning
𒀊𒉆 a06. AB.SIN2 The Barley Stalk Same term
𒆠𒀸𒀸 a07. ABSIN
𒀜𒈨 a08. *AD.ME The lemma was deleted because Gehlken, Weather Omens of EAE, p.120 has the reading šit-qul-ti MUL.MUL u Sin.
𒈕 a09. AD6, pagru The Corpse Akkadian pagru
𒉘𒀭𒁔 a10. AG2.AN.BUR2 The Crown of Anu (?) can be merged into a12. AGA Anim
𒂆 a11. AGA The Crown
𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏 a12. AGA dA-nim The Crown of Anu
𒀝𒊒 a13. Agru The Hired Man
𒀀𒄩𒋾 a14. A-ḫa-ti Sister
𒀀𒄷𒌋 a15. Aḫû The Stranger
𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓 a16. dAḪUD Mercury
𒃰𒋺𒋛 a17. AKKIL
Alammuš God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. d(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
𒀠𒈜 a18. AL.LUL Crab
𒀠𒋻 a19. AL.TAR Jupiter, Heroic Merged into UD.AL.TAR
𒀩 a20. ALAM Sun, Venus
𒀠𒈜 a21. ALLA Crab Merged into AL.LUL
a22. Alluttum Merged into AL.LUL
𒀠𒁍 a23. Alpu Bull
a24. Alû Occurs only in the Neo-Assyrian texts Sm. 162 rev. 4:

Now read [...mu]lba-a-li [Horowitz Alb 234]; see (Kurtik a24) Balû(m)

𒄠𒀭𒈾 a25. AM.AN.NA Merged into mulGU4.AN.NA
𒂼𒈨𒁁 a26. dAMA.ME.TIL Venus
𒀫𒄈 a27. AMAR.GIR2 Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists:
  • mulamar.˹gir2˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII].
  • Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of mulamar.utu (see a28).
𒀭𒀫𒌓 a28. *dAMAR.UD -> dAMAR.UTU Supreme deity Marduk "UD" now read "UTU" (cf. Nēberu)
a29. Amurru Western asterism
𒀭 a30. AN Sky deity; Mars
Andurunna cosmic region and divine name: the pre-sky home of gods before Marduk created the heavens, see [Horowitz 1998, 225]
𒀭𒆠 a31. AN.KI Merged into mulNUNki
𒀭𒋙𒋼 a32. AN.ŠU2.TE Merged into AN
𒀭𒋫𒁺 a33. mulAN.TA.GUB Standing star
𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏 a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA Merged into AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA
𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀 a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA = kakkab eliš māqitu "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35].

Only in EAE predictions series: mulAN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <ana> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].

𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏 a36. AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA Sparkling (flaring) star
𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊 a37. AN.U2.GI.E Wind demons moved to mul anU2.GE.E
𒀭𒍪 a38. AN.ZU See (Kurtik i07) mul dIM.DUGUDmušen. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and dIM.DUGUD. Writings mul dIM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read mul dAnzu(d).
𒀲𒆳𒊏 a39. ANŠE.KUR.RA Horse
a40. dAntum Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) mul dAnum. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) dAnum, 3. In the divine genealogies – the consort of the sky god Anu, see AN: dAnum (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
a41. dAnum Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) AN.
𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓 a42. dAnunītum Deity Ištar
Anu-rabû Great Anu “Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. dA-num GAL-ú šá AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
Apil-Emaḫ First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ “First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. mulIBILA-É.MAḪ (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
𒄑𒀳 a43. giš mulAPIN Plough
a44. Āribu Raven Akkadian parallel to mulUGAmušen "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) UGAmušen.
𒀀𒊑𒌈 a45. Arītum Shield
𒅈𒄷𒁾 a46. Arḫum Month
𒀀𒋛𒁺 a47. Asīdu Heel "The heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
𒀸𒃶 a48. AŠ.GAN See (Kurtik i04) mulIKU
𒀸𒈨 a49. AŠ.ME Sun, Saturn
Aya Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. dA-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.
Baba dBa-ba6, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associated with the asterism of The Goat.
𒀭𒁀𒅆 b01. dBA.LIM Misreading, see (Kurtik b05) dBalum
b02. BAL.ME.GAR Misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see (Kurtik d06) Dilbat
𒁄𒌨𒀀 b03. (mul)BAL.TEŠ2.A Asterism of Dignity
𒁆 b04. BALAG
𒀭𒁀𒈝 b05. dBalum Mars
b06. gišBAN See gišPAN
b07. Barbaru See UR.BAR.RA
𒈲𒄭𒄊 b08. Bašmu
𒃽𒁷 bēlet balāṭi Lady of Life See mul / dGAŠAN.TIN
𒁉𒄊 b09. ulBI.GIR3
𒁉𒅁𒁍 b10. Bibbu Planets; Wild Sheep
𒄵 b11. BIR The Kidney
𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣 b12. BURANUN Purattu "Euphrates"
𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾 b13. BURRUM AN.NA The Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven
Buššānītu
𒄑𒁕 d01. gišDA Bull's Jaw
Damkianna < Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. dDam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with mul (giš)MA.GID2.DA AN.NA, eriqqu ša šamê (The Wagon of Heaven)
𒀭𒁕𒈬 d02. dDamu The Pig
𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡) d03. dDāpinu Jupiter; Marduk; Heroic, Military
𒁯𒈗𒄷 d04. DAR.LUGALmušen Mars; Rooster
𒁲 d05. DI Judgment, sentence
𒀸𒁁 d06. Dilbat Venus variant: DILI.BAT
𒀸 d07. DILI Single, unique, separate (star)
𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙 d08. DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 merged with (d07) DILI
𒀭 d09. DINGIR Deity designation
𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍 d10. DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš Standing Gods
𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍 d11. DINGIR.KU.Ameš Sitting Gods variant: mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš
𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓 d12. dDU.ŠE.E GUD.UD Mercury
𒀭𒌉𒍣 d13. dDUMU.ZI Agricultural dying-and-rising deity; Saturn; The Hired Man variant Tammuz.
𒂊𒁀𒂊 e01. E-pa2-e one time use for Jupiter probably from Šul-pa2-e, see mul / dŠUL.PA.E3
𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍 e02. E-ra-ʼa-al-BU
𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭 e03. dE.TA.NAM.AN Venus

Page 2 (e04. dE2-a to i15. is-lê)

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cuneiform (NA) Kurtik's terms English our note
𒀭𒂍𒀀 e04. dE2-a Water deity
𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿 e05. E2 sak-ki-i (Stars) bīt sakkî read: (MUL.MEŠ) bīt sakkî
𒂍𒉣𒇬 e06. E2.TUR3 Enclosure, cattle pen
𒂊𒁺 e07. Ēdu Single, solitary, unique
𒉏𒈠𒌈 e08. Elamātum Ištar, the Elamite-one Elamattu(m)
𒄵𒇻𒅆 ÉLLAG mulLU.LIM Stag = kalītu “kidney”: see also mulLU.LIM.
𒂍𒆳 Ekur (E2-kur)
EN3.DUR navel in constellations
𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾 e09. EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
𒀭𒂍𒀀 Enki/Ea Water deity God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
𒀭𒂗𒆤 e10. dEn-lil2 Supreme deity
𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏 e11. dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA Primordial deity; Lord of all me
𒀭𒂗𒀯 e12. dEN.MUL Primordial deity; Lord Star
𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝 dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝 e13. **EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
e14. Enzu see UZ3 (𒍚, Akkadian Enzu)
e15. Epinnu see mulAPIN
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲 e16. dEreš-ki-gal Deity of the Underworld
𒉣𒆠 e17. Eriduki
𒂟 e18. ERIN2 Yoke
𒂊𒋆𒄣 e19. Eriqqu Wagon see mulMAR.GID2.DA
𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊 Eriqqu ša šamê Wagon of Heaven see mulMAR.GID2.DA AN.NA
𒀭𒀴𒊏 e20. dErra Deity of the Underworld; Fox
𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲 e21. dErragal Great Erra
e22. Eru (Disambiguation)
𒀉𒄷 Erû / Arû (Eagle) Eagle Akkadian parallel with mulTE8/TI8mušen "Eagle"
𒀭𒀀𒂔 Erua Deity ERU, Erua
𒂵𒂵 g01. Ga-ga Mercury, Deity
𒃮 g02. GABA Breast
g03. 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 see UR.GU.LA
𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒 g04. dGAL.A.RU.RU Venus
𒄒𒉺𒀜 g05. GAM, kippatu The Circle
𒆛 g06. mul / dGAM3 The Crook
g07. Gamlu An Akkadian parallel to mulGAM3(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)mul / dGAM3, merged.
𒄑𒃷𒃡 g08. gišGAN2.UR3 The Harrow
𒃽𒁷 g09. mul / dGAŠAN.TIN, mulbēlet balāṭi The Lady of Life
𒌉 g10. GENNA Saturn; "Constant"
𒄀𒄀 g11. GI.GI Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
𒈪 g12. mulGI6 Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
𒀭𒉈𒄀 g13. dGIBIL6 Fire deity Girra, Mercury
𒈪𒉭 g14. GIG Mars; "Disease"
𒄑𒇀 g15. gišGIGIR The Chariot
𒄃𒈠 g16. GILIM.MA The Furrow
𒄈 g17. GIR2 The Scorpion abbreviation for GIR2.TAB, zuqaqīpu
𒄈𒀭𒈾 g18. GIR2.AN.NA Heavenly Sword
𒄈𒋰 g19. GIR2.TAB, zuqaqīpu The Scorpion
𒄊 g20. GIR3 Leg (Paw)
Girra the fire god
𒄑𒁇 g21. GIŠ.BAR Mars; Mercury
𒄑𒂟 g22. GIŠ.ERIN2 Yoke a late variant of ERIN2
GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR =maškakātu “harrow”. mulGIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
𒄑𒆲 g23. GIŠ.KUN Thigh
𒄑𒂟 GIŠ.RIN2 Scales
𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈 g24. Gizzānītu Enraged Goat (?)
𒄖 g25. GU Great, Giant late epoch abbreviation for GU.LA
𒄖𒀭𒈾 g26. GU.AN.NA merged into (g33) mulGU4.AN.NA, spelling variant
𒄖𒆷 g27. GU.LA or dGula Healing deity; Great, Giant "Gula" (Disambiguation)
𒄘𒀭𒈾 g28. GU2.AN.NA merged into (g33) GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant
𒄘𒄬 g29. GU2.ḪAL (Star) Throat
𒄘𒄯 g30. GU2.MUR Trachea, breathing throat (?)
𒅗𒀭𒈾 GU3.AN.NA = KA.AN.NA merged into (g33) GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant
𒄞 g31. GU4 merged into (g33) mulGU4.AN.NA, abbreviation
𒄞𒄋 g32. mulGU4.ALIM Buffalo = dKusarikku
𒄞𒀭𒈾 g33. mulGU4.AN.NA The Heavenly Bull
𒄞𒌓 g34. GU4.UD Bull of the Sun
𒀭𒄖𒆷 g35. dGula see: "Gula" (Disambiguation)
𒆸 g36. GUR4 only one source (SpTU V 262 r 5, W23303/4, parallel in von Soldt, p. 70 I 7), an omen, which should now be read DIŠ 20 KUR-ma MUL.MU]L NIGIN2 ... "If the 20 rises and a star(s) goes around ... ." So NIGIN2 (=GUR4) does not exist as a star name.
𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡 h01. Ḫabaṣīrānu The Mousey One Akkadian equivalent for the EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
𒆸𒁀𒌈 h02. Ḫabbātu Bandit/Outlaw Akkadian equivalent for mul lúSA.GAZ
𒀭𒈗 h03. dḪaniš Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒 h04. dḪar-ri-ru Field Mouse
𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀 h05. ḪE2.GAL2-a-a The Asterism of Abundance
𒋦𒈧 h06. ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA The Goat-Fish redirect mulḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA to mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2
𒄷𒉏 h07. ḪU.NIM misreading
𒅆𒌨 h08. ḪUL Mars; The Evil Star
𒈝𒁀 h09. ḪUM.BA
𒂠 h10. ḪUN merged with (Kurtik h12) lu2ḪUN.GA (𒀯𒇽𒂠𒂷)
𒂠𒂷 h11. ḪUN.GA2 merged with (Kurtik h12) lu2ḪUN.GA (𒀯𒇽𒂠𒂷)
𒇽𒂠𒂷 h12. lu2ḪUN.GA2 The Hired Man
𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥 i01. I3-li2-ab-rat Deity
𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤 i02. IBILA.E2.MAḪ
𒈦𒄘𒃼 i03. IDIGNA Tigris River
𒃷 i04. IKU, Ikû The Field Akkadian parallel to mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2.
𒄿𒇻𒌝 i05. Ilum Deity logogram as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) DINGIR.
𒀭𒅎 i06. dIM Storm Deity
𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷 i07. dIM.DUGUDmušen (Bird) Anzû
𒅎𒄀 i08. IM.GI Mars
𒅎𒋀 i09. IM.ŠEŠ The Rainbow
𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾 i10. IM.ŠU.RIN.NA The Furnace
𒀭𒅓𒁉 i11. dIMIN.BI The Seven Gods
𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾 i12. IN.DUB.AN.NA
𒀭𒈹 i13. dINANNA Deity
𒅕𒁁𒅋 i14. IR.BI4.IL Mars
𒄑𒇷 i15. Is lê   Jaw [of the Bull of Heaven]

Page 3 (i16. Iṣṣuru to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA)

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cuneiform (NA) Kurtik's term English our note
𒄑𒍮𒊒 i16. Iṣṣuru The Bird merged into (Kurtik m46) MUŠEN
𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏 i17. dIšḫara Scorpius
Iškur / Adad Storm Deity The storm god. dIŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
𒀭𒅖𒋻 i18. dIštar Venus; Deity
𒀭𒃰𒁲 i19. dIštaran Deity; The Snake
𒅗 k01. KA The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
𒅗𒀭𒂃 k02. KA.AN.DU8 Portable Altar
𒅗𒀭𒈾 k03. *KA.AN.NA merged into (g33) GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant
𒅗𒆟 k04. KA.KEŠ2 The Knot
𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊 k05. *KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E Obliterator merged into KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E
KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E
𒈜𒀀 k06. KA5.A The Fox
𒀭𒆏𒋫 k07. dKAB.TA Deity
𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌 k08. *Kajjamānu Kurtik's spelling Kajjamānu; now read Kayyamānu(m)
𒆕𒉼 k09. KAK.PAN The Arrow
𒆕𒋛𒁲 k10. KAK.SI.SA2 (Types of) Arrow
𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵 k11. *KAK.U2.TAG.GA Arrow now read KAK.TAG.GA
𒆕𒅗𒁍 k12. Kakkabu Star, Luminary merged into MUL
𒌨𒂠 k13. Kalbu The Dog Merged into UR.GI7
𒅗𒇷𒌅 k14. Kalītu The Kidney Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must check together
𒆗𒉈 k15. KAL.NE
𒃸𒂄 k16. KAR2.ŠUL
𒆜𒌓 k17. KASKAL.UD The Path of the Sun Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌 Kayyamānu The Constant One Kurtik's spelling Kajjamānu
𒆥𒍮 k18. Kinṣu Knee, shin
𒄒𒉺𒀜 k19. Kippatu The Circle merged into the entry GAM-ti
mulKIR4, būšu Hyena
𒆠𒄑𒀸 k20. Kiṣru Lamp, knot, cluster
𒈩 k21. KIŠIB      Hand
𒆤𒌓 k22. Kittu Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
𒆪𒊒𒈾 k23. *KU.RU.NA To be read Andurunna - cosmic region and divine name - see Horowitz MCG 225
𒄩 k24. KU6 The Fish
𒆪𒈠𒊒 k25. Kumāru   Shoulder
𒆲 k26. KUN Tail part of constellations such as Swallow and Anunitu
𒆲𒈨𒌍 𒋆𒈤 k27. KUNme(š) ša mulSIM.MAḪ Tails of the Swallow constellation in Pisces,

merged into (Kurtik k26) KUN

𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷 k28. KUR.GI.Amušen Chicken
𒇽𒉽𒊏 k29. lu2KUR2.RA Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪 k30. dKusarikkum Buffalo Akkadian for Sumerian mulGU4.ALIM (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
Kusu Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
𒆵 k31. KUŠU2 Water animal
𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍 L01. la ŠID.MEŠ Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺 L02. dLA.KU.DU Mercury read mulšu!-ku-du, i.e. 'The Arrow' = Mercury, merged into KAK.SI.SA2
𒀭𒆗 L03. dLAMMA The She-Goat
𒇴𒈬 L04. Lammu
𒀭𒆷𒋫 L05. dLātarāk The Lion
𒇷𒄙 L06. *LI.DUR Navel now read EN3.DUR
𒉈𒋜 L07. dLI9.SI4 , Lisi(n)
𒇻 L08. LU Hired Man (Aries) see lu2ḪUN.GA2
𒇻𒅆 L09. LU.LIM Stag
𒇻𒈦 L10. LU.MAŠ Constellation
𒇽 L11. LU2 Hired Man (Aries) see lu2ḪUN.GA2
𒀭𒇽𒋭 L12. dLU2.LAL3 Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈 L13. Lubuštum (Asterism) Garment
𒈗 L14. LUGAL King
𒈗𒂍𒃲 L15. LUGAL.E2.GAL King of the Palace
𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏 L16. dLUGAL.GIR3.RA Mighty Lord
LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ see lu2ḪUN.GA (𒀯𒇽𒂠𒂷)
𒈜𒆷 L17. LUL.LA False (Lying) Star
𒇻𒇷𒈬 L18. Lulīmu Stag see (Kurtik L09) LU.LIM.
𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗) L19. Lumāšu Constellation
𒇻𒁾𒉡 L20. Lumnu Evil Star
𒈣𒋽 m01. MA2.GUR8 Ship, Vessel
𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵 m02. gišMA2.DIRI.GA Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋 m03. Makrû Mars; Red, Fiery Red
𒌋𒌋 m04. MAN Sun God, Šamaš
𒌋𒌋𒈠 m05. MAN-ma Strange Star
𒌋𒌋𒍝𒌈 m06. Manzât Rainbow Akkadian for Sumerian TIR.AN.NA, Rainbow
𒈥 m07. MAR Wagon (shortened form)
𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕 m08. mul (giš)MAR.GID2.DA, eriqqu Wagon
𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾 m09. mul (giš)MA.GID2.DA AN.NA, eriqqu ša šamê The Wagon of Heaven
𒈥𒌅 m10. MAR.TU Western Star
Mār-bīti “Son of the House (Temple)”. A god worshipped in the city of Der. Originally, the name was perhaps an epithet of the snake god Niraḫ as attested in an inscription by Nebuchadnezzar I (see Paulus, AOAT 51, 507, NKU I 1, II 69). gišTUKUL šá dA/DUMU-É (EA 5r).
𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌 m11. dMarduk Supreme deity of Babylon; Jupiter or Mercury
𒈥𒊏𒌈 m12. Marratu Rainbow
𒈦 m13. MAŠ merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
𒈦𒀀𒋾 m14. (MUL ša2) maš-(ša2)-a-ti/tu4 Pair of Stars (general)
𒈦𒈦) m15. MAŠ.MAŠ The Twins
𒈦𒋰𒁀 m16. MAŠ.TAB.BA Gemini
𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲 m17. MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL Great Twins
𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉 m18. MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR Small Twins
𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾 m19. MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA Twins, which (stand) opposite to the Faithful Shepherd of Anu
𒄑𒃷𒃡 m20. Maškakātu The Harrow Akkadian parallel to GAN2.UR3
𒈠𒀀𒋗 m21. Māšū Gemini merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
𒈧 m22. MAŠ2 Goat-Fish (abbreviation)
m23. ME.GAR Jupiter abbreviation for SAG.ME.GAR, merged there
𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀 m24. dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A Deity; Mars; Saturn; "He who comes/comes from Meslam"
𒈨𒋚 m25. mišḫu Radiance
𒈨𒋚𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕 m26. mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG The radiance of Pabilsag
MU.BU abbreviation for MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA
𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕 m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA (Bound/hitched) yoke

Page 4 (m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA  to p07. Puššaītu)

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cuneiform (NA) Kurtik's term English our note
𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀 m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA   Yoke of the Sea
𒀯 m29. MUL Star, luminary
𒀭𒀯𒀭𒋛𒀀𒀀 m30. dMUL.AN.DIRI.A Venus; The dominant star of the sky
𒀯𒀭𒈾 m31. MUL.AN.NA Moon deity; Celestial object
𒀯𒃲 m32. MUL.GAL Big celestial object
𒀯𒆠𒃲 m33. MUL.KI.GAL    Venus; Star of the great earth
𒀯𒈨𒌍𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉡𒌅 m34. MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu Reliable stars
𒀯𒀯 m35. MUL.MUL Bristles, mane; lit. "(the) Stars"
𒀯𒀯𒆷 m36. MUL.MUL.LA Arrow or: mulmullu. “arrow”: see GAG.SI.SÁ.
𒋼 m37. MUL2 Star, luminary merged with MUL
𒋼𒌓 m38. MUL2.BABBAR Jupiter; White Star
𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍 m39. MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ Stars (for) counting "normal stars"
𒌌 m40. MUL4 Star, constellation merged with MUL
m41. MULx merged with MUL
𒌘 m42. MURUB4 Middle (part)
𒈲 m43. mul (d)MUŠ Snake
𒈲𒄭𒄊 m44. (mul)MUŠ.ḪUŠ Ferocious serpent
(mul)mušḫuššu see (Kurtik m44)
𒈲𒈫𒊕𒂵 m45. MUŠ.MIN.SAG.GA Kurtik (2007) reads "Two-headed serpent" as a synonym for Venus, but the reading should be MUL ALLA A.SAG.GA2 for an asterism in AL.LUL (Cancer)
𒄷 m46. MUŠEN The Bird
𒈲𒋫𒊑𒇻 m47. Muštarīlu Mercury
𒈿 n01. NA2 Jupiter; Bed-star
𒀯𒈾𒁉𒁾 n02. dNabû Mercury; Deity of wisdom
𒉄 n03. NAGAR
n04. Nakaru Enemy, Stranger Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian KUR2.RA
n05. Nammaššû Herds of (wild) animals Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian NU.MUŠ.DA
𒀭𒋀𒆠 n06. dNANNA Moon deity
n07. Narkabtu The Chariot Akkadian parallel to mul gišGIGIR, "Chariot"
𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍 n08. Naṣrapu
n09. Nattullu Harness Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh20) ŠUDUN.ANŠE
n10. Nattullu arkīti Back of the Harness Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh21) ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti       
𒉈 n11. NE
𒉈𒃻 n12. NE.GAR
𒉈𒄀𒉈𒃻 n13. NE.GI.IZI.GAR Torch of Girra
𒉈𒉈𒃻 n14. NE.NE.GAR Deity
𒉌𒁉𒊒 n15. Nēberu Ferry, ford, crossing
𒉌𒁍𒌑 n16. Nebû Brilliant star
𒌨𒊩𒌨 n17. Nēltu Lioness Akkadian parallel to UR.NIG
𒀭𒌋𒄥 n18. dNergal Deity of the underworld
n19. Nēšu The Lion Akkadian parallel to UR.MAḪ
𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒃮𒋙 n20. ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2 A star with great brilliance on his (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast
𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒀯𒋗𒄀 n21. ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI   (Star) with great brilliance in the Old Man
𒉎𒍪 n22. NI2.ZU Thief
𒉏𒈠𒆠 n23. NIM.MA(ki) Star of Elam
n24. Nimru Panther Akkadian parallel to UD.KA.DU8.A (𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀)
𒊩𒌆𒀀𒍪 n25. dNIN.A.ZU Deity; Lord who knows water
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾 n26. dNIN.AN.NA Ištar; Lady of Heaven
gišNÍNDA = ittû “seed-funnel”: see mulAPIN (MUL.APIN I i 2).
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢 n27. dNIN.GIR2.SU
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄊 n28. dNIN.GIR3 Lord of strength
𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕 n29. dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA Deity; Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree
𒊩𒌆𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺 n30. NIN.GIRIM3 Venus
Ningublaga Bull god, considered as a son of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. dNingublaga (EN 7–8r).
𒊩𒌆𒄢𒋾 n31. NIN.GUL.TI Venus
𒊩𒌆𒅗𒋛 n32. NIN.KA.SI (Star) Lady of the (wine-filled) mouth
𒊩𒌆𒋝𒋙𒁷 n33. NIN.KILIM Mongoose
𒊩𒌆𒆤 n34. NIN.LIL2 Deity; Lady of the Air
𒊩𒌆𒈤 n35. NIN.MAḪ Deity; Foremost lady
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯 n36. dNIN.MUL Primordial deity; Lady Stars
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒉣𒁕 n37. dNIN.MUL.NUN.DA Deity; Lady of the great stars occurs in one text only, Text K. 2054. "Lady of the great stars"(?). An epithet of the goddess Ningal, believed to be the consort of the moon god Sina [Gössmann 325; Tallqvist 1938, 415].
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒋜𒀀 n38. dNIN.MUL.SI4.A Deity; Lady of the red star
Nin-nisig
(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛 n39. dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI Deity Not a star-name, but that of a goddess whose attire is 'full' of stars.
𒊩𒌆𒊬 n40. Nin-nisig Deity should now be read mul / dNin-nisig
𒊩𒌆𒋜 n41. NIN.SI4 Red Lady
𒊩𒌆𒋜𒀭𒈾 n42. NIN.SI4.AN.NA Red Lady of Heaven
𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁 n43. dNIN.URTA Agriculture deity
𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷 n44. dNiraḫ Snake deity
𒉌𒄿𒊒 n45. Nīru
𒍑𒀀𒂠 n46. NITA.A.ŠE3 Venus
𒉡𒊨𒅇 n47. NU.KUŠ2.U3 Venus
𒉡𒈨𒀀 n48. NU.ME.A (Star of) nothingness
𒉡𒈲𒁕 n49. NU.MUŠ.DA Deity; Herds of (wild) animals
𒉣𒆠 n50. mulNUNki
𒉣𒉽𒉽 n51. NUN.DIM4 Venus
𒉣𒈨 n52. NUN.ME (Star)-Sage
𒀭𒉣𒊬𒀀 n53. dNUN.SAR.A Venus
𒉡𒉡 n54. Nūnu
𒀭𒉺𒌆 n55. dNusku
𒉺 p01. PA see p03. dPA.BIL.SAG
𒉼 PAN Bow
𒉺𒉈 p02. PA.BIL see p03. dPA.BIL.SAG
𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕 p03. dPA.BIL.SAG
p04. Pagru Body, corpse see a06. AD6, pagru
𒀭𒉽𒈛 p05. dPAP.SUKKAL Messenger deity
𒉿𒍮𒌑 p06. Peṣû see m38. MUL2.BABBAR
𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈 p07. Puššanītu

Page 5 (q01. Qaštu to u06. UD.KA.DU8.A)

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cuneiform (NA) Kurtik's term English our note
q01. Qaštu Bow merged into mulPAN as it occurs only in lexical lists
Qaštum Elamātum Elamite Bow
𒊏𒁍𒌑 r01. Rabû Great (man) Akkadian parallel to GU.LA - should just be a link to GU.LA
𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈 r02. Rapaštu Thigh Akkadian parallel to GIŠ.KUN
𒊐𒁍 r03. Rappu Jupiter, Venus; Bridle, leash
𒂟 RIN2 Yoke
𒊑𒅆𒁁 r04. RI.ŠI.BE
𒈩𒌓 r05. Rittu Hand Akkadian parallel to mulKIŠIB
𒇽𒌑𒄤 s01. lu2SA.GAZ Bandit, Outlaw
𒌑𒊑 s02. SA.RI Wild Cat
𒄷𒈿 s03. SA4 (Star) with great brilliance
𒋛𒀀 s04. SA5 Red, Fiery Red
𒊕𒁺 s05. SAG.DU Head, top, upper part
𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷 s06. SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA Lion's head merged into (Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA
𒊕𒆕𒀀 s07. mulSAG.DU3.A Triangle ?
𒊕𒋻 s08. dSAG.KUD First in (making) decisions
𒊕𒈨𒃻 s09. SAG.ME.GAR Jupiter var.: SAĜ.ME.ĜAR
𒊕𒍑 s10. SAG.UŠ Saturn; Constant, unchanging, lasting
𒊩𒀀𒂠 s11. ulSAL.A.ŠE3 Venus; (Star for) Women
𒊩𒂑𒊮𒂵 s12. mulSAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA Venus; (Star of) Woman
𒊬𒀀 s13. SAR.A
𒊬𒄷𒋛 s14. mulSAR.U5
𒊓𒅈𒊒 s15. Sarru False (Lying) Star Akkadian parallel to LUL.LA
Sebettu “The Seven”, heptad of warlike gods, sometimes associated with the netherworld. d7.BI (AN 5r).
𒀭𒋛𒊬𒀀 s16. dSI.MU2.A Venus; growing(?) horn
𒋛 SI = qarnu. “horn”: see mulGÍR.TAB.
𒋜 s17. mulSI4 Red, Lisi Abbreviation of Kurtik L9 mul / dLI9.SI4
𒅊 s18. mulSIG7 Mars, Venus; Yellow-green (yellow, green) star
𒋆𒈤 s19. SIM.MAḪ Swallow
𒀭𒌍 s20. dSîn Moon deity
𒉺𒇻 s21. SIPA Faithful Shepherd of Anu merged into (Kurtik s22) SIPA.ZI.AN.NA
𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾 s22. SIPA.ZI.AN.NA Faithful Shepherd of Heaven
𒋀𒌍𒉡 Sissinnu Frond, branch
𒋦 s23. SUḪUR Goat-Fish merged into (Kurtik s24) SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6
𒋦𒈧 s24. SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6 The Goat-Fish
s25. Suḫurmāšu Akkadian parallel to SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6
𒉌 ts01. Ṣal abbreviation merged into Ṣalbatānu
𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡 ts02. Ṣalbatānu Mars
𒉌𒈝𒈬𒌑 ts03. Ṣallummu Term for comets, meteors, obscure auroras
𒍝𒊑𒊒 ts04. Ṣāriru Sparkling (flaring) star Akkadian parallel to AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA
𒇡𒊒 ts05. Ṣarru Sparkling (star)
𒀫𒊒) ts06. Ṣurru Obsidian star
𒊮𒉣𒇬𒊏𒂠 sh01. mulŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3 (Star) for the uterus
𒋚 sh02. ŠAḪ The Pig
Šala Goddess, wife of the storm god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain. dŠa-la šubu-ul-tu4 (MUL.APIN I ii 10, AN 15r).
𒌋𒌋 sh03. dŠamaš Sun god
𒃻𒉡𒌝𒈠 sh04. Šanûmma Strange (star)
𒄭𒄤 sh05. mulŠAR2.GAZ on the sting of the Scorpius
𒄭𒌴 sh06. mulŠAR2.UR4 on the sting of the Scorpius
𒊺𒇷𒁍 sh07. Šēlebu The Fox Akkadian parallel to KA5.A
𒅆𒁍𒌑 sh08. Šību Old Man
𒅆𒄴𒂅 sh09. Šiḫtu Mercury, Mars; Leap
𒋻𒉺 sh10. šil PA Star with great brilliance at the end of Pabilsag's arrow
𒅆𒅋𒋫𒄷 sh11. Šiltāḫu Arrow
𒀭𒋛𒈬𒌓 sh12. dŠimut Deity
sh13. Šinūnūtu see s19. SIM.MAḪ
sh14. Šitadallu see s22. SIPA.ZI.AN.NA
𒋗 sh15. ŠU
šubtu “seat”, “throne”. šu-bat dA-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). šu-bat dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
šubultu(m) “ear (of grain)”: see Šala
𒋗𒄀 sh16. ŠU.GI Old Man
𒋗𒉺 sh17. ŠU.PA Magnificent, brilliant
𒋙𒂈 sh18. ŠUDUN Yoke
𒋙𒂈𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀 sh19. ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA Yoke of the Sea
𒋙𒂈𒀲 sh20. ŠUDUN.ANŠE       
𒋙𒂈𒀲𒂕𒋾 sh21. ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti       
𒋙𒂈𒅎𒍇𒇻 sh22. ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU
mulŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MAki
𒋗𒆪𒁺 sh23. Šukūdu Arrow
𒀭𒂄𒄀 sh24. dŠUL.GI Shulgi
𒂄𒉺𒌓𒁺 sh25. mul / dŠUL.PA.E3 A youngster appears with brilliance
𒉺 sh26. Šullat
t01. Tak-ša2-a-tu2
𒀉𒄷 ... TE8mušen
𒀭𒋾𒊬𒀀 t02. dTI.MU2.A Venus; Sparkling
𒋾𒅅𒁍 t03. Tikpu Spot, speckled
𒋾𒉡𒊒 t04. Tinūru Furnace see (Kurtik i09) IM.ŠU.RIN.NA
𒌁𒀭𒈾 t05. TIR.AN.NA Rainbow
Tišpak Chthonic deity, associated with a dragon, city god of Ešnunna, rarely attested in the 1st mill. The sign MÚŠ used for Tišpak is very similar to the sign MÙŠ for Inanna. In MUL.APIN, dMÚŠ is most probably to be emended to dINANNA! since the preceding mulBAL.TÉŠ.A is explained as the goddess Nanaya in 5R 46: 10, and since Nanaya, a hypostasis of Inanna in Uruk, is much more likely to be a vizier of Inanna than a vizier of Tišpak. dMÚŠ (MUL.APIN I i 14).
𒀭𒌅𒌅 t06. dTU.TU Mercury, Jupiter; Supreme deity Marduk
gišTUKUL = kakku “weapon”: see Mār-bīti(m).
𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬 t07. Tūʼamū Gemini
𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬𒃲𒈨𒌍 t08. tūʼamū rabûtu Great Twins
𒌋𒌆𒌈 t09. Tūltu Worm, larva
𒉣𒇬 t10. TUR3 Venus; Corral
𒌋𒊑𒊑 u01. U.RI.RI Mercury
mul anU2.GE.E
𒌓𒉌𒇷 u02. U4.ZAL.LE Venusl Star of radiance/morning
𒄷𒋛𒌷𒅔 u03. U5.RI2.IN
𒇇 u04. U8 Ewe = laḫru “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).
𒀠𒋻 u05. UD.AL.TAR Jupiter; Heroic
𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀 u06. UD.KA.DU8.A (𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀) Demon with the Gaping Mouth var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A

Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. Zuqaqīpu)

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cuneiform (NA) Kurtik's term English our note
𒇻𒁁 u07. UDU.IDIM Mars, Mercury, Saturn; Wild sheep
𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓 u08. UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD Mercury; Leaping wild sheep
𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑 u09. UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ Saturn; Wild sheep (moving on) steadily, Permanent planet
𒇻𒀴 u10. UDU.NITA2 Star-Lamb
𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷 u11. UGAmušen Raven
UG5.GA Mars, Raven?
𒌌 u12. UL (Shooring) Star, luminary merged with MUL
𒌢 u13. UMBIN
𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈 u14. ummulūtu Dim (misty, twinkling) stars
𒌦𒉡𒌓 u15. unnutu Dim star
𒌨 u16. UR Leo; The Lion see UR.GU.LA
𒌨𒀀 u17. UR.A Leo; The Lion UR.A is an abbreviation of (Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA in the constellation of Leo, The Lion. see also: (Kurtik u22) UR.MAḪ.
𒌨𒁇𒊏 u18. UR.BAR.RA Wolf
𒌨𒂠 u19. UR.GI7 Dog
𒌨𒄖𒆷 u20. UR.GU.LA Lion
𒌨𒁁 u21. UR.IDIM Mad Dog
𒌨𒈤 u22. UR.MAḪ Lion
𒌨𒊩𒌨 u23. UR.NIG Lioness
𒌨𒆪 UR.KU The Dog now read UR.GI7
𒌫𒆲 u24. UR2.KUN Hip, Pelvis
𒌨𒁁𒈬 u25. Ur(i)dimmu Mad Dog see (Kurtik u21) UR.IDIM
𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾 u26. Ur-um AN.NA Celestial Light see (Kurtik b13) BURRUM AN.NA
𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖 u27. dUSAN2.PA.SIKIL Venus; Goddess of the Stars
𒌑𒋩𒋾 u28. Uṣurtu Drawing, Image
𒅜𒍪 u29. UŠ12.ZU Sorceress; Goat(-Fish)
𒀭𒌓 u30. dUTU Sun deity
𒍚 u31. UZ3 (𒍚, Akkadian Enzu) Goat
𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷 z01. dZA.BA4.BA4 Warlike deity
𒍠𒃻 z02. ZAG.GAR Consort of the Lady of the plains
𒈽𒀖𒁍 z03. Zappu Stubble (Mane)
𒀭𒇡𒉺𒉌𒌈 z04. dZa(r)pānītu /

Zerpānītu

Deity, wife of Marduk
𒍝𒊒𒌑 z05. Zarû Drawbar, Cart pole
𒍣 z06. ZI see ZI.BA.AN.NA
𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾 z07. ZI.BA.AN.NA Scales
𒍦𒈨 z08. ZIBme Tails
𒀭𒍨 z09. dZIB2 Venus; (Extremely) good, delectable
𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈 z10. Zibānītum Balance Akkadian for Sumerian ZI.BA.AN.NA
𒍨𒁍 z11. Ziqpu
𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍 z12. Zuqaqīpu Scorpius see GIR2.TAB, zuqaqīpu

Acknowledgements

Over the course of working with Gennady Kurtik's material, the following scholars (in alphabetical order) helped revisiting it:

  • David Hilder
  • Euin Choung Kim
  • Roland Laffitte
  • Youngjea Lee
  • Jan Safford
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